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You are here  > Home  > Indicators  > Reports & Documents

Reports & Documents

Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators 2006

Figure 1: Ground-level ozone indicator, Canada, 1990 to 2004
The line graph shows how the ground-level ozone indicator for Canada varied from 1990 to 2004. Both the observed yearly averages and trend line are shown. The lowest yearly averages occurred in 1993 (32.8 ppb), 1992 (33.7 ppb) and 1996 (34.6 ppb) and the highest values in 2002 (40.8 ppb), 2001 (40.4 ppb) and 2003 (40.0 ppb). The trend line represents the average rate of change based on the Sen method. The average rate of change is 0.9% per year, with a 90% confidence interval between 0.1% and 1.6% per year. Calculations are based on data from 76 monitoring stations in the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) Network Database. The ground-level ozone indicator is the population-weighted warm season average of daily maximum 8-hour average concentration of ground-level ozone.
Figure 2: Ground-level ozone indicator by region, 1990 to 2004
The five line graphs show how the ground-level ozone indicator varied in five regions of Canada from 1990 to 2004. The five regions are: Atlantic; Quebec and eastern Ontario; southern Ontario; Prairies and northern Ontario; and Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Only southern Ontario shows a significantly increasing trend, with an average increase of 1.3% per year. Ozone levels in the Atlantic region, the Quebec and eastern Ontario region, and the Prairies and northern Ontario region showed year-to-year variability but no detectable increasing or decreasing trend. Ozone levels in the Lower Fraser Valley in British Columbia were relatively stable.
Figure 3: Fine particulates (PM2.5) indicator, Canada, 2000 to 2004 The line graph shows how the PM2.5 indicator varied in Canada from 2000 to 2004. Only observed yearly averages are shown, with the lowest values both in the starting year (8.1 µg/m3 in 2000) and last year (8.2 µg/m3 in 2004) and the highest value in 2002 (9.9 µg/m3 in 2002). There is no apparent, overall upward or downward trend over this period. Calculations are based on data from 63 monitoring stations in the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) Network Database. The PM2.5 indicator is based on the population-weighted 24-hour average daily concentrations recorded at monitoring stations across Canada.
Figure 4: Greenhouse gas emissions, Canada, 1990 to 2004
The line graph is based on data from Environment Canada's National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2004. It portrays an upward trend in Canada's annual GHG emissions, expressed in megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, for the period of 1990 to 2004. It compares the GHG emissions to Canada's Kyoto Protocol target of 6% below 1990 levels by 2008 to 2012. The estimated 1990 level was 599 megatonnes. Canada's 2004 GHG emissions are 758 megatonnes, 34.6% higher than the Kyoto Protocol target of 563 megatonnes.
Figure 5: Greenhouse gas emissions per person, Canada, 1990 to 2004
The line graph is based on data from Environment Canada's National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2004. It portrays an upward trend in GHG emissions produced per person in Canada, expressed in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, for the period 1990 to 2004. It shows that GHG emissions per capita rose 10% from 1990 to reach 24 tonnes per person in 2004, making Canada one of the highest per capita emitters of GHG in the world.
Figure 6: Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of gross domestic product, Canada, 1990 to 2004
The line graph is based on data from Environment Canada's National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2004 and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data from Statistics Canada. It plots an index of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per unit of GDP for the period 1990 to 2004 (with 1990 set at 100). Over this period the index dropped by 14% driven by efficiencies in the energy sector. Without improvements in energy efficiency, it is estimated that total emissions would have been 52 megatonnes or 7% higher in 2003.
Figure 7: Industrial greenhouse gas Emissions by final demand category
The pie chart is based on data from Statistics Canada's Greenhouse Gas emissions account. It illustrates the breakdown of industrial greenhouse gas emissions by final demand category for the year 2002. These are emissions associated with the production activity required to produce final demand, excluding emissions associated with the final consumption of commodities once they have been purchased. From a demand perspective, almost half of Canadian industrial GHG emissions in 2002 were attributed to satisfying exports (46%), with household/personal expenditure the next largest emissions source at 37%. In 1990, exports accounted for 36%, while personal expenditure accounted for 40%.
Figure 8: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector, Canada, 2004
The pie chart is based on data from Environment Canada's National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2004. It provides a percentage breakdown of the estimated GHG emissions from the energy, agriculture, industrial processing, waste and all other (mostly energy-related) sectors in Canada for 2004. The energy sector accounts for 91% of the total GHG emissions in 2004 with the agriculture, industrial processes, waste, and all others (mostly energy-related) sectors at 7%, 7%, 4% and 14% respectively. The energy sector includes emissions from oil, gas and coal industries, road transportation, thermal electricity and heat production, residential and commercial and institutional.
Figure 9: Greenhouse gas emissions, provinces and territories, 1990 and 2004
The bar graph is based on data from Environment Canada's National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2004. It provides provincial and territorial breakdowns of GHG emissions estimates in megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents for the years 1990 and 2004. GHG emissions have increased in all of the provinces and territories except the Yukon, which experienced a small decrease in 2004. The geographic distribution of emissions is linked to the location of natural resources, population and heavy industry In Canada.
Figure 10: Status of freshwater quality at sites in southern Canada, 2002 to 2004
The bar graph presents the status of surface water quality at 340 sites in southern Canada for the 2002-2004 period. The bars show the number of sites that are rated as excellent (17), good (134), fair (115), marginal (58), and poor (16) for their suitability to protect aquatic life. They do not assess the quality of water for human consumption. Water quality at each site was rated using the CCME Water Quality Index from several federal, provincial and joint federal-provincial water quality monitoring programs across Canada. Observations for the Great Lakes and the North are reported separately.
Figure 11: Freshwater quality in northern areas
The bar graph presents the status of surface water quality at 30 sites in northern Canada for the 2002-2004 period. The bars show the number of sites that are rated as excellent (4), good (16), fair (6), and marginal (4) for their suitability to protect aquatic life. They do not assess the quality of water for human consumption. Water quality at each site was rated using the CCME Water Quality Index from several federal, provincial and joint federal-provincial water quality monitoring programs across Canada. Observations for southern Canada and the Great Lakes are reported separately.
Figure 12: Total pollutant releases to either marine or freshwater bodies from large industrial and commercial facilities reporting to the NPRI, 2004
The pie chart shows the proportion of the contaminants released by weight, in tonnes, from major industrial and commercial sectors to surface freshwater and coastal waters in Canada, as reported by facilities to the National Pollutant Release Inventory. The sectors are municipal water and wastewater (98,000 tonnes), pulp and paper (7,600 tonnes), metal ore mining (1,600 tonnes) and others (4,500 tonnes).
Figure 13: Total, urban and rural population, Canada, 1991 to 2001
The bar graph displays Canada's total, urban and rural population for 1991, 1996 and 2001 based on data from the Census of Population. It shows that Canada's total and urban population increased while the rural population decreased slightly over the period.
Figure 14: Energy use, household sector, Canada, 1990 to 2002
The line graph shows total and per capita household energy use from 1990 to 2002 with further breakdowns for heating, lighting and appliances and motor fuels and lubricants. While total household energy use increased 15% over the period to a high of 2 264 petajoules, per capita household energy use fluctuated around 71 gigajoules per person. Total household energy used for heating, lighting and appliances increased 8%, while per capita energy use decreased 5%. Total household energy use for motor fuels and lubricants increased 25%, while per capita use increased only 10%.
Figure 15: Mode of transportation to work, Canada, 2001
The pie chart shows the percentage distribution of commuters' usual mode of travel to work. In 2001, the majority (74%) of commuters traveled as the driver of a car, truck or van, while 7% rode as passengers. In contrast, 10% of Canadians commuted using public transit, and a further 9% commuted by walking, by cycling or by using other methods of transportation.
Figure 16: Gross Domestic Product and energy consumption, Canada, 1990 to 2004
The line graph shows increases in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and primary energy consumption from 1990 to 2004, indexed to base year 1990. Over the period, real GDP increased 47% while primary energy consumption increased 26%.
Figure 17: Freight shipped, by mode, Canada, 1990 to 2003
The line graph shows the tonnage of freight shipped by rail, water and truck from 1990 to 2003. Freight transport has increased across all three modes since 1990. Freight carried by water transport rose 25% to 443 million tonnes, freight carried by rail rose 26% to 338 million tonnes while freight carried by the for-hire trucking industry increased 75% to 305 million tonnes.
Figure 18: Electric power generation, by source, Canada, 2004
The pie chart displays the distribution of electric power generation by source of power. In 2004, hydro power accounted for the majority (58.9%) of electric power generation, followed by conventional steam generation (22.3%), steam nuclear (15.0%), combustion turbine (3.6%) and internal combustion generation (0.2%).
Map 1: Ground-level ozone concentrations at monitoring stations, Canada, 2004 (ppb)
The map of Canada displays the warm season average of daily maximum 8-hour average concentration of ground-level ozone at 159 monitoring stations across Canada in 2004. These are not weighted by population. The source of the data is the National Air Pollution Surveillance Network Database. Ozone concentrations varied substantially across the country, but also regionally. The stations with the highest values, over 45 ppb, are all located in southern Ontario. Stations with values from 41 ppb to 45 ppb are primarily located in southern Ontario, southern Quebec and Alberta, except for one station in Atlantic Canada and one in northern Ontario. Stations with values from 31 ppb to 40 ppb are dispersed across the country. All stations in Saskatchewan and the one in Newfoundland fall within that range. Stations with values from 23 ppb to 30 ppb are also located across the country. The two stations in Manitoba and the one in North West Territories fall within that lower range.
Map 2: Fine particulate (PM2.5) concentrations at monitoring stations, Canada, 2004 (µg/m3)
The map of Canada displays the unweighted value of fine particulate concentration at 117 monitoring stations across Canada in 2004. The source of the data is the National Air Pollution Surveillance Network Database. PM2.5 concentrations varied substantially across the country. The stations with the highest PM2.5 levels (10 - 16 µg/m³) were primarily located in southern Ontario, except for one in central British Columbia and one in Quebec. Western Canada and Atlantic Canada generally had lower concentrations, except for a few locations.
Map 3: Water quality indicator stations, Canada, 2006
The map of Canada shows the 370 water quality monitoring sites used for calculating the northern and southern Canada histograms. The data were assembled by Environment Canada from federal, provincial and joint federal-provincial monitoring programs. The points on the map show the 15 lake sites and 355 river sites and situate them relative to major rivers and lakes, the provincial boundaries and the United States. A line delineating the North crosses the middle of all provinces (except the maritimes) and the northwest tip of Newfoundland island. 340 sites are situated in southern Canada and 30 in Northern Canada; 31 sites are located throughout British Columbia, 2 are in southern Yukon, 8 are in the Northwest Territories, 2 in Nunavut, 72 in the Prairie Provinces (throughout Alberta and Manitoba, and along the borders in Saskatchewan), 206 sites are in Ontario and Quebec (mostly in southern portions of each along the Windsor-Quebec City corridor), and 52 sites are distributed among the Atlantic Provinces.
Map 4: Status of freshwater quality, Great Lakes' basins, 2004/2005
Map 4 shows the 7 Great Lakes Basins, each coloured by their WQI ratings (excellent for Lake Superior; good for Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie--eastern basin; fair for Lake Erie--central basin; and marginal for Lake Erie--western basin and Lake Ontario). The map also shows the Canada--United-States border, the location of 4 cities (Windsor, Toronto, Ottawa, and Sudbury), Lake St. Clair, Niagara River and Lake Michigan, which was excluded from the assessment.
Map 5: Population in relation to water quality monitoring sites, Canada, 2001
The map of Canada shows population by sub-drainage basin for 2001. The points on the map show the 15 lake sites and 355 river sites used in the calculation of the Northern and Southern histograms and situate them relative to major lakes, the provincial boundaries and the sub-drainage basins. A line delineating the North, as defined in McNiven and Puderer 2000, crosses the middle of all provinces (except the maritimes) and the northwest tip of Newfoundland island.
Map 6: Areas of agricultural activity in relation to water quality monitoring sites, Canada, 2001
The map shows the areas of agricultural activity in Canada for 2001. The points on the map show the 15 lake sites and 355 river sites used in the calculation of the Northern and Southern histograms and situate them relative to major lakes, the provincial boundaries and the areas of agricultural activity. A line delineating the North, as defined in McNiven and Puderer 2000, crosses the middle of all provinces (except the maritimes) and the northwest tip of Newfoundland island.
Map A.1: Locations of monitoring stations contributing to the ozone indicator
The map of Canada displays the location of the 76 air monitoring stations included in the national and regional trend analyses of the ground-level ozone indicator. Regional clusters were defined by Environment Canada as follows: Region 1 (Atlantic) includes 3 locations (St. John's, Saint John and Kejimkujik National Park in southern Nova Scotia). Region 2 (Quebec and eastern Ontario) includes 25 stations from the area around Quebec City to Kingston Ontario. Twenty-two of the stations are in the province of Quebec and 6 of those are in Montreal. Region 3 (southern Ontario) includes 19 stations in the corridor from Oshawa to Windsor. Five of the stations are in Toronto. Region 4 (Prairies and northern Ontario) includes 14 stations primarily located in the larger urban centres such as Edmonton, Calgary and Winnipeg and one rural site in Ontario near the Manitoba border. Region 5 (Lower Fraser Basin, British Columbia) includes 10 stations, 9 of which are located in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The national trend includes the values from all of these locations as well as from five stations (Sudbury ON, Sault Ste. Marie ON, North Bay ON, Algoma ON, Williams Lake BC) that did not fit into any of the regional clusters.
Map A.2: Locations of monitoring stations used in PM2.5 air quality indicator trends
The map of Canada displays the location of the 63 air monitoring stations included in the national trend analyses of the PM2.5 indicator. These stations are mainly located in Western Canada, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and New Brunswick.

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Creation date: 2002-03-12
Last updated : 2006-11-23
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Last reviewed: 2006-11-23
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