Hän language
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Hän | |
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Häł gołan | |
Native to | Canada, United States |
Region | Yukon, Alaska |
Ethnicity | Hän people |
Native speakers
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20 (1997–2007)[1] |
Latin (Dené alphabet) | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | haa |
Glottolog | hann1241 [2] |
The Hän language (Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Moosehide) is a Native American endangered language spoken in only two places: Eagle, Alaska and Dawson City, Yukon.[citation needed] There are only a few fluent speakers left (perhaps about 10), all of them elderly.[citation needed]
It is a member of the Athabaskan language family, which is part of the larger Na-Dené family. The name of the language is derived from the name of the people, "Hän Hwëch'in", which in the language means "people who live along the river", the river being the Yukon. There are currently efforts to revive the language locally.[citation needed]
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
The consonants of Hän in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):
Labial | Inter- dental |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | |||||||||||||||
Nasal | [m] | m | [n̥] [n] |
nh n |
||||||||||||
Stop | [p] [pʰ] |
b (p) |
[t] [tʰ] |
d t |
[k] [kʰ] |
g k |
[ʔ] |
ʼ |
||||||||
[tʼ] | t’ | [kʼ] | k’ | |||||||||||||
[ᵐb] | mb | [ⁿd] | nd | |||||||||||||
Affricate | [tθ] [tθʰ] |
ddh tth |
[ts] [tsʰ] |
dz ts |
[tɬ] [tɬʰ] |
dl tl |
[tʃ] [tʃʰ] |
dj ch |
[ʈʂ] [ʈʂʰ] |
dr tr |
||||||
[tθʼ] | tth’ | [tsʼ] | ts’ | [tɬʼ] | tl’ | [tʃʼ] | ch’ | [ʈʂʼ] | tr’ | |||||||
[ⁿdʒ] | nj | |||||||||||||||
Fricative | [θ] [ð] |
th dh |
[s] [z] |
s z |
[ɬ] [ɮ] |
ł l |
[ʃ] [ʒ] |
sh zh |
[ʂ] [ʐ] |
sr zr |
[x] [ɣ] |
kh gh |
[h] | h | ||
Approximant | [l] | l | [j̊] [j] |
yh y |
[ɻ̥] [ɻ] |
rh r |
[w̥] [w] |
wh w |
Vowels[edit]
-
- short
- a [a]
- ä [ɑ]
- e [e]
- ë [ə]
- i [i]
- o [o]
- u [u]
- long
- aa [aː]
- ää [ɑː]
- ee [eː]
- ëë [əː]
- ii [iː]
- oo [oː]
- uu [uː]
- diphthongs
- aw [au]
- ay [ai]
- äw [ɑu]
- ew [eu]
- ey [ei]
- iw [iu]
- oy [oi]
- nasal vowels are marked by an ogonek accent, e.g., ą
- low tone is marked with a grave accent, e.g., à
- rising tone is marked with a circumflex accent, e.g., â[citation needed]
- falling tone is marked with a caron (or háček), e.g., ǎ[citation needed]
- high tone is never marked, e.g., a
- short
References[edit]
External links[edit]
- Hän alphabet
- Han (ANLC)
Bibliography[edit]
- Alaska Native Language Center. Alaska Native Language Center (accessed July 24, 2005).
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
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