Homo heidelbergensis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Homo heidelbergensis
Temporal range: 0.6–0.3 Ma
↓
Middle Pleistocene
Homo heidelbergensis-Cranium -5.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
Subtribe: Hominina
Genus: Homo
Species: H. heidelbergensis
Binomial name
Homo heidelbergensis
Schoetensack, 1908

Homo heidelbergensis – sometimes called Homo rhodesiensis – is an extinct species of the genus Homo which lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia between 600 and 200 thousand years ago. Its brain was nearly as large as that of a modern Homo sapiens. First discovered near Heidelberg in Germany in 1907, it was described and named by Otto Schoetensack.[1][2][3]

Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans (H. s. sapiens) are all descended from H. heidelbergensis. Between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago, an ancestral group of H. heidelbergensis became independent of others shortly after they had left Africa. One group branched northwest into Europe and West Asia, and eventually evolved into Neanderthals. The other group ventured eastwards throughout Asia, eventually developing into Denisovans. H. heidelbergensis evolved into H. sapiens approximately 130,000 years ago.[4][5][6]

Morphology and interpretations[edit]

A reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis.

Both H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis are likely to be descended from the morphologically very similar Homo ergaster from Africa. But because H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case – with a typical cranial volume of 1100–1400 cm³ overlapping the 1350 cm³ average of modern humans – and had more advanced tools and behavior, it has been given a separate species classification. Male heidelbergensis averaged about 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) tall and 62 kg (136 lb). Females averaged 1.57 m (5 ft 2 in) and 51 kg (112 lb).[7] A reconstruction of 27 complete human limb bones found in Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) has helped to determine the height of H. heidelbergensis compared to Homo neanderthalensis; the conclusion was that most H. heidelbergensis averaged about 170 cm (5 ft 7in) in height and were only slightly taller than Neanderthals.[8] According to Lee R. Berger of the University of Witwatersrand, numerous fossil bones indicate some populations of heidelbergensis were "giants" routinely over 2.13 m (7 ft) tall and inhabited South Africa between 500,000 and 300,000 years ago.[9][10]

Social behavior[edit]

Homo heidelbergensis – forensic facial reconstruction/approximation

Recent findings[11] in a pit in Atapuerca (Spain) of 28 human skeletons suggest that H. heidelbergensis might have been the first species of the Homo genus to bury its dead.[12]

Steven Mithen[13] believes that H. heidelbergensis, like its descendant H. neanderthalensis, acquired a pre-linguistic system of communication. No forms of art or sophisticated artifacts other than stone tools have been uncovered, although red ochre, a mineral that can be used to mix a red pigment which is useful as a paint, has been found at Terra Amata excavations in the south of France.

Language[edit]

The morphology of the outer and middle ear suggests they had an auditory sensitivity similar to modern humans and very different from chimpanzees. They were probably able to differentiate between many different sounds.[14] Dental wear analysis suggests they were as likely to be right-handed as modern people.[15]

H. heidelbergensis was a close relative (most probably a migratory descendant) of Homo ergaster. H. ergaster is thought to be the first hominid to vocalize,[13] and that as H. heidelbergensis developed, more sophisticated culture proceeded from this point.

Evidence of hunting[edit]

Five-hundred-thousand-year-old hafted stone points used for hunting are reported from Kathu Pan 1 in South Africa, tested by way of use-wear replication.[16] This find could mean that modern humans and Neanderthals inherited the stone-tipped spear, rather than developing the technology independently.[16][17]

Divergent evolution[edit]

Homo heidelbergensis: Steinheim skull replica

Because of the migration of H. heidelbergensis out of Africa and into Europe, the two populations were mostly isolated during the Wolstonian Stage and Ipswichian Stage, the last of the prolonged Quaternary glacial periods. Neanderthals diverged from H. heidelbergensis probably some 300,000 years ago in Europe, during the Wolstonian Stage; H. sapiens probably diverged between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago in Africa. Such fossils as the Atapuerca skull in Spain and the Kabwe skull in modern-day Zambia bear witness to the two branches of the H. heidelbergensis tree.[18]

Homo neanderthalensis retained most of the features of H. heidelbergensis after its divergent evolution.[19] Although shorter, Neanderthals were more robust, had large brow-ridges, a slightly protruding face, and lack of prominent chin. With a virtually identical cranial capacity to Cro-Magnon, they also had a larger brain than all other hominids. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, have the smallest brows of any known hominid, are taller and more gracile, and have a flat face with a protruding chin. H. sapiens have a larger brain than H. heidelbergensis, and a smaller brain than H. neanderthalensis, on average.[20] To date, H. sapiens is the only known hominid with a high forehead, flat face, and thin, flat brows.[21]

Today's researchers, such as Chris Stringer consider it justifiable to declare Homo heidelbergensis as an independent chronospecies, as some used to hold the view that it is a cladistic ancestor to other Homo forms, sometimes improperly linked to distinct species in terms of populational genetics.[22][23][24]

Some scenarios of survival include:

Fossils[edit]

Original type specimen from Mauer

Mauer 1[edit]

Main article: Mauer 1

The first fossil discovery of this species was made on October 21, 1907, and came from Mauer, Germany. Here, the workman Daniel Hartmann spotted a jaw in a sandpit. The jaw (Mauer 1) was in good condition except for the missing premolar teeth, which were eventually found near the jaw. The workman gave it to Professor Otto Schoetensack from the University of Heidelberg, who identified and named the fossil.[28]

The next H. heidelbergensis remains were found in Steinheim an der Murr, Germany (the Steinheim Skull, 350kya); Arago, France (Arago 21); Petralona, Greece; Ciampate del Diavolo, Italy; Dali, Jinniushan and Maba (Guangdong), China. In 1925–1926 Francis Turville-Petre unearthed the "Galilee skull" at Mugharet el-Zuttiyeh in Israel, which was the first ancient hominid fossil found in Western Asia.[29]

Boxgrove Man[edit]

Main article: Boxgrove Man

In 1994 British scientists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone of Boxgrove Man a few miles away from the English Channel, along with hundreds of ancient hand axes, at the Boxgrove Quarry site. This partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old.[30] Several H. heidelbergensis teeth were also found in subsequent seasons. H. heidelbergensis was the early proto-human species that occupied both France and Great Britain at that time; these locales were connected by a landmass during that epoch.

The tibia had been gnawed by a large carnivore, suggesting that the man had been killed by a lion or wolf, or that his unburied corpse had been scavenged after death.[31]

Sima de los Huesos[edit]

Main article: Atapuerca Mountains
One of hundreds of handaxes found at Boxgrove.

Beginning in 1992, a Spanish team has located more than 5,500 human bones dated to an age of at least 350,000 years in the Sima de los Huesos site in the Sierra de Atapuerca in northern Spain. The pit contains fossils of perhaps 32 individuals together with remains of Ursus deningeri and other carnivores and a biface called Excalibur.[32] It is hypothesized that this Acheulean axe made of red quartzite was some kind of ritual offering for a funeral. If it is so, it would be the oldest evidence of known of funerary practices.[32] Ninety percent of the known H. heidelbergensis remains have been obtained from this site. The fossil pit bones include:

Nearby sites contain the only known and controversial Homo antecessor fossils.

There is current debate among scholars whether the remains at Sima de los Huesos are those of H. heidelbergensis or early H. neanderthalensis.[33] In 2015, the study of nuclear DNA samples from three caves Sima de los Uesos revealed that they were on the line leading to Neanderthals.[34]

Suffolk, England[edit]

In 2005 flint tools and teeth from the water vole Mimomys savini, a key dating species, were found in the cliffs at Pakefield near Lowestoft in Suffolk. This suggests that hominins can be dated in England to 700,000 years ago, potentially a cross between H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis.[35][36][37][38][39]

Schöningen, Germany[edit]

The Schöningen Spears are eight wooden throwing spears from the Palaeolithic Age, that were found under the management of Dr. Hartmut Thieme from the Lower Saxony State Service for Cultural Heritage (NLD) between 1994 and 1998 in the open-cast lignite mine, Schöningen, county Helmstedt, Germany, together with approx. 16,000 animal bones. More than 300,000 years old,[40][41][42][43] they are the oldest completely preserved hunting weapons in the world and they are regarded as the first evidence of the active hunt by H. heidelbergensis. These discoveries have permanently changed the picture of the cultural and social development of early man.[44][45]

See also[edit]

General:

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 18 March 2013. 
  2. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis : Evolutionary Tree information". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 18 March 2013. 
  3. ^ Mounier, Aurélien; Marchal, François; Condemi, Silvana (2009). "Is Homo heidelbergensis a distinct species? New insight on the Mauer mandible". Journal of Human Evolution 56 (3): 219–46. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.12.006. PMID 19249816. 
  4. ^ "Neanderthal". http://www.genographic.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014. [unreliable source?]
  5. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis - Comparison of Neanderthal and modern human DNA suggests that the two lineages diverged from a common ancestor, most likely Homo heidelbergensis". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  6. ^ "Denisovans, Neandertals, Archaics as Human Races - Anthropology can now confidently report that Neandertals, Denisovans, and others labelled archaic are in fact an interbreeding part of the modern human lineage. We are the same species.". Living Anthropologically. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  7. ^ "Evolution of Modern Humans: Homo heidelbergensis". Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College. Retrieved December 2012. 
  8. ^ Carretero, José-Miguel; Rodríguez, Laura; García-González, Rebeca; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; Gómez-Olivencia, Asier; Lorenzo, Carlos; Bonmatí, Alejandro; Gracia, Ana; Martínez, Ignacio (2012). "Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)". Journal of Human Evolution 62 (2): 242–55. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.004. PMID 22196156. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (June 6, 2012). 
  9. ^ Burger, Lee (November 2007). "Our Story: Human Ancestor Fossils". The Naked Scientists. 
  10. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis essay". Institute of Human Origins. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  11. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis - Eudald Carboneli et al. reported in the March 27, 2008 issue of Nature that a human jaw with a tooth dating 1.2-1.1 million years ago has been found in Sima del Elefante cave in the Atapuerca Mountains of Northern Spain.". palomar.edu. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  12. ^ The Mystery of the Pit of Bones, Atapuerca, Spain: Species Homo heidelbergensis. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  13. ^ a b Mithen, Steven (2006). The Singing Neanderthals, ISBN 978-0-674-02192-1[page needed]
  14. ^ Martínez I, Rosa M, Arsuaga JL, Jarabo P, Quam R, Lorenzo C, Gracia A, Carretero JM, Bermúdez de Castro JM (2004). "Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (27): 9976–81. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.9976M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101. JSTOR 3372572. PMC 454200. PMID 15213327. 
  15. ^ Lozano, Marina; Mosquera, Marina; De Castro, José María Bermúdez; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald (2009). "Right handedness of Homo heidelbergensis from Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) 500,000 years ago". Evolution and Human Behavior 30 (5): 369–76. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.001. 
  16. ^ a b Wilkins, Jayne; Schoville, Benjamin J.; Brown, Kyle S.; Chazan, Michael (2012). "Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology". Science 338 (6109): 942–6. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..942W. doi:10.1126/science.1227608. PMID 23161998. Lay summary – The Guardian (November 15, 2012). 
  17. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis Oldest Wooden Spear". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  18. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis - Homo heidelbergensis began to develop regional differences that eventually gave rise to two species of humans. - See more at: http://australianmuseum.net.au/homo-heidelbergensis#sthash.uSq6zc0v.dpuf". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  19. ^ "What is H. heidelbergensis’ position in the human family tree?". ScienceDirect. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  20. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis essay". Institute of Human Origins. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  21. ^ "Human Evolution: Neanderthals & Homosapiens by Jon Schiller". Google Books. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  22. ^ Chris Stringer: Comment: What makes a modern human. In: Nature. Band 485, Nr. 7396, 2012, S. 33–35 (hier S. 34), doi:10.1038/485033a
  23. ^ Hierzu zählte noch im Jahr 2010 auch das Geologisch-Paläontologische Institut der Universität Heidelberg, das den Unterkiefer seit 1908 verwahrt und ihn als Homo erectus heidelbergensis auswies. Inzwischen wird er jedoch auch in Heidelberg als Homo heidelbergensis bezeichnet, siehe Sammlung des Instituts für Geowissenschaften
  24. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") is an extinct, potentially distinct species of the genus Homo and may be the direct ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis in Europe.". ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  25. ^ "Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis by G. PHILIP RIGHTMIRE" (PDF). Instytut Archeologii UW. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  26. ^ "Hominin DNA baffles experts - Another ancient genome, another mystery. DNA gleaned from a 400,000-year-old femur from Spain has revealed an unexpected link between Europe’s hominin inhabitants of the time and a cryptic population, the Denisovans...". Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  27. ^ "World History Encyclopedia, Volume 10 By Alfred J. Andrea, Kevin McGeough, William E. Mierse, Mark Aldenderfer, Carolyn Neel". Google Books. Retrieved October 29, 2015. 
  28. ^ Otto Schoetensack: Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen. Leipzig, 1908, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann
  29. ^ Cartmill, Matt and Smith, Fred H. (2009). The Human Lineage. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471214914. Retrieved 2013-03-01. 
  30. ^ Streeter et al. 2001, Margret. "Histomorphometric age assessment of the Boxgrove 1 tibial diaphysis". Journal of Human Evolution. Retrieved 22 March 2015. 
  31. ^ A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 8–9
  32. ^ a b The first Europeans – one million years ago
  33. ^ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2012/june/largest-group-of-fossil-humans-are-neanderthals-after-all111416.html
  34. ^ Nuclear DNA sequences from the hominin remains of Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain // 5TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE European Society for the study of Human Evolution , 10 – 12 SEPTEMBER 2015 LONDON/UK: Nuclear DNA sequences from the hominin
  35. ^ Parfitt, Simon A.; Barendregt, René W.; Breda, Marzia; Candy, Ian; Collins, Matthew J.; Coope, G. Russell; Durbidge, Paul; Field, Mike H.; Lee, Jonathan R. (2005). "The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe". Nature 438 (7070): 1008–12. Bibcode:2005Natur.438.1008P. doi:10.1038/nature04227. PMID 16355223. 
  36. ^ Roebroeks, Wil (2005). "Archaeology: Life on the Costa del Cromer". Nature 438 (7070): 921–2. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..921R. doi:10.1038/438921a. PMID 16355198. 
  37. ^ Parfitt, Simon; Stuart, Tony; Stringer, Chris; Preece, Richard (January–February 2006). "700,000 years old: found in Suffolk". British Archaeology 86. 
  38. ^ Good, Clare; Plouviez, Jude (2007). The Archaeology of the Suffolk Coast (PDF). Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service. [page needed]
  39. ^ Kinver, Mark (14 December 2005). "Tools unlock secrets of early man". BBC News. Retrieved November 16, 2012. 
  40. ^ Hartmut Thieme, Reinhard Maier (Hrsg.): Archäologische Ausgrabungen im Braunkohlentagebau Schöningen. Landkreis Helmstedt, Hannover 1995.
  41. ^ Hartmut Thieme: Die ältesten Speere der Welt – Fundplätze der frühen Altsteinzeit im Tagebau Schöningen. In: Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt 10, 2005, S. 409-417.
  42. ^ Michael Baales, Olaf Jöris: Zur Altersstellung der Schöninger Speere. In: J. Burdukiewicz u. a. (Hrsg.): Erkenntnisjäger. Kultur und Umwelt des frühen Menschen. Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt 57, 2003 (Festschrift Dietrich Mania), S. 281-288.
  43. ^ O. Jöris: Aus einer anderen Welt – Europa zur Zeit des Neandertalers. In: N. J. Conard u. a. (Hrsg.): Vom Neandertaler zum modernen Menschen. Ausstellungskatalog Blaubeuren 2005, S. 47-70.
  44. ^ Thieme H. 2007. Der große Wurf von Schöningen: Das neue Bild zur Kultur des frühen Menschen in: Thieme H. (ed.) 2007: Die Schöninger Speere – Mensch und Jagd vor 400 000 Jahren. S. 224-228 Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart ISBN 3-89646-040-4
  45. ^ Haidle M.N. 2006: Menschenaffen? Affenmenschen? Mensch! Kognition und Sprache im Altpaläolithikum. In Conard N.J. (ed.): Woher kommt der Mensch. S. 69-97. Attempto Verlag. Tübingen ISBN 3-89308-381-2

Further reading[edit]

  • Sauer, A. (1985). Erläuterungen zur Geol. Karte 1 : 25 000 Baden-Württ. Stuttgart. 
  • Schoetensack, O. (1908). Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 
  • Weinert, Hans (1937). "Dem Unterkiefer von Mauer zur 30jährigen Wiederkehr seiner Entdeckung". Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie (in German) 37 (1): 102–13. JSTOR 25749563. 
  • Rice, Stanley (2006). Encyclopedia of Evolution. Facts on File, Inc. 

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homo heidelbergensis.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Heidelberg Man.
Authority control
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homo_heidelbergensis&oldid=691882194"