Latinisation of names

Latinisation is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name (or word) in a Latin style. It is commonly found with historical personal names, with toponyms, or for the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation, which is the writing of a word in the Latin alphabet that is in another script (e.g., Cyrillic).

In the case of personal names it may be done to more closely emulate Latin authors, or to present a more impressive image. It is carried out by:

• transforming the name into Latin sounds (e.g. Geber for Jabir), or
• adding Latinate suffixes to the end of a name (e.g. Meibomius for Meibom), or
• translating a name with a specific meaning into Latin (e.g. Venator for Cacciatore; both mean ‘hunter’), or
• choosing a new name based on some attribute of the person (e.g. Daniel Santbech became Noviomagus, possibly from the Latin name for the town of Nijmegen).

Personal names

Frontispiece of a 1743 legal text by Barnabé Brisson shows his name Latinised in the genitive Barnabae Brissonii ("of Barnabas Brissonius")

Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists, were very largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon) they invoked Ancient Greek. Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving a playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins.

See also: List of latinised names

Scientific names

Latinisation is a common practice for scientific names. For example, Livistona, the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of "Livingstone."

Place names

In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or the original names.

Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are:

• Estonia (Estonian name Eesti, German/Scandinavian name Estland, i.e. "land of the Aesti")
• Ingria (Finnish Inkerinmaa, German/Scandinavian Ingermanland, i.e. "land of the Ingermans", the local tribe)
• Livonia (German/Scandinavian name Livland, i.e. "land of the Livs", the local tribe)

Historical background

Until modern times it was common in most cultures to "translate" names into the language being used with little regard for the culture from which the name came. During the age of the Roman Empire, translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Greek substantives, particularly proper nouns, could easily be declined and Latinised with minimal modification of the original word.

During the medieval period, following the collapse of the Empire in Western Europe, the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church, for which Latin was the primary written language. Medieval priests, in fact, were almost exclusively the only scholars and scientists in Europe and, as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West.

Though during modern times Europe has largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language, a variety of fields still uses Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin naming in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication.

See also

• Romanization, conversion of a text in Latin (or Roman) letters

References

• Nicolson, Dan H. (August 1974). "Orthography of Names and Epithets: Latinization of Personal Names". Taxon (International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)) 23 (4): 549–561. doi:10.2307/1218779. JSTOR 1218779.