Mackem

"Mak'em" is an informal name for residents of and people from Sunderland, a city in North East England. Spelling variations include "Mackem", "Makem", and "Maccam". Which is local slang for Make Them ("Mak'em") it's also a name for the local accent (not to be confused with Geordie); and for a fan, whatever their origin, of the professional football club Sunderland A.F.C.

Origin

Main theory of the term's origin is that it is local slang for "make them" ("Mak'em"). Taken originally from ship workers on the River Tyne saying that people on the River Wear (i.e. Sunderland) "Tak'em jobs off us (people from Tyneside) and Mak'ems (make them - i.e. ships).

The term could also be a reference to the volume of ships built during wartime on the River Wear, e.g. "We mak'em and they sink'em".

The term has also come to represent people who follow the local football team Sunderland AFC, and may have been invented for this purpose. Newcastle and Sunderland have a history of rivalry beyond the football pitch, dating back to the early stages of the English Civil War, the rivalry associated with industrial disputes of the 19th century and political rivalries after the 1974 creation of Tyne and Wear County.

Evidence suggests the term is a recent coinage. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, with which the BBC carried out a well-publicised search for references, the earliest occurrence of it in print was in 1988. The phrase "we still tak'em and mak'em" was found in a sporting context in 1973 in reference to Sunderland Cricket & Rugby Football Club. While this lends support to the theory that this phrase was the origin of the term "Mak'em", there is nothing to suggest that "mak'em" had come to be applied to people from Sunderland generally at such a date. The name "Mak'em" may refer to the Wearside shipyard workers, who during World War II were brought into shipbuilding and regarded as taking work away from the Geordies on Tyneside.

Accent

To people from outside the region the differences between Mak'em and Geordie accents often seem marginal, but there are many notable differences. There is even a small but noticeable difference in pronunciation between the accents of North and South Sunderland (for example, the word something in North Sunderland is often contracted to summik whereas a South Sunderland speaker may often prefer summat).

Pronunciation differences and dialect words

• Make and take are pronounced mak and tak ([ˈmak] and [ˈtak]) in the most conservative forms of the dialect. This variation is the supposed reason why Tyneside shipyard workers might have coined "Mak'em" as an insult. This pronunciation is also used in Scots.

• Many words ending in -own are pronounced [-ʌun] (cf. Geordie: [-uːn]).

• School is split into two syllables, with a short [ə] sound added after the oo, separating it from the l: [ˈskʉ.əl]. This is also the case for words ending in -uel or -ool, which are monosyllabic in some other dialects, such as cruel, fuel and fool which in Mackem are [ˈkrʉəl], [ˈfjʉəl] and [ˈfʉəl]. This "extra syllable" occurs in other words spoken in a Mak'em dialect, i.e. film is [ˈfɪləm] and poorly [ˈpʉəli]. This feature has led to some words being very differently pronounced in Sunderland. The word face, due to the inclusion of an extra [ə] and the contraction thereof, is often pronounced [ˈfjas]. While [ˈfjas] and some other cases of this extra vowel have been observed in the Geordie dialect, school in that variant is [ˈskjʉːl] versus Mak'em ' s [ˈskʉ.əl] (and [ˈskʉːl] or [ˈskʉl] in most other dialects).
• The word endings -re and -er are pronounced [ə] as in Standard English, unlike the rhotic Scots variant. Cf. Geordie [æ].

• Wesh and weshing (for wash and washing) are part of a wider regional dialectical trait which is reminiscent of Old English phonology, where stressed a mutated to e. This can also be observed in other modern Germanic languages, but it is particularly prevalent in German and Icelandic.

• Dinnit (for do not or don't), as in "dinnit de that".

• Claes for clothes

• Wee or whee for who: as in "Whee said that?" ("Who said that?")

• Whey or wey for why: "Whey nar!" ("Why no!")

• Tee for to in some constructions: "Where yae gawn tee?" ("Where are you going to?")

• Wuh or wa for we: "Wuh knew wed win" ("We knew we'd win").

• The dialect word haway means come on. In Newcastle it is often spelled and pronounced howay, while in Sunderland it is almost always haway. The latter spelling is featured in Sunderland A.F.C.'s slogan, "Ha'way The Lads." The local newspapers in each region use these spellings.

See also

• Monkey hanger
• Smoggie

External links

• Mackems Virtual Sunderland
• Wear Online – Home of the Mackem Dictionary