List of genocides by death toll

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This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide.

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. Some of accounts below may include ancillary causes of death such as malnutrition and disease, which may or may not have been intentionally inflicted.

Lowest
estimate		 Highest
estimate		 % Event Location From To Notes
5,000,000[1] 11,000,000
[2][3][4][5]		 78% of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe Holocaust השואה (HaShoah, "the catastrophe") German-occupied Europe 1933 1945 The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. It was initially carried out in German-occupied Europe by Einsatzgruppen paramilitary death squads, later the primary method of extermination was gassing in extermination camps.

Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia write in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust that the term is commonly defined as the mass murder of more than five million European Jews by the Nazi regime. They further state that 'Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition.'[1] According to British historian Martin Gilbert, the total number of victims is just under six million—around 78 percent of the 7.3 million Jews in occupied Europe at the time.[6] The War Against the Jews written by Lucy Dawidowicz provides detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in World War II. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe and came up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. The higher figures of up to 11 million are based on a broader definition of the Holocaust which takes other victims of the Nazis into account, including victims of other Nazi crimes against humanity and war crimes, such as the victims of the Romani Genocide and Germany's eugenics program, as well as Soviet POWs, Poles, Communists, and Homosexuals.[7]
800,000 1,500,000 50% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire Armenian Genocide Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime") Ottoman Empire Ottoman flag.svg 1915 1923 Between 1915-1923, an estimated 800,000 to 1.5 million Armenians, approximately half the Armenian population living in the Ottoman Empire, were killed in massacres or died as a consequence of military deportations, forced marches and mass starvations carried out by the Young Turks. The extermination of the Armenians coined the word "genocide". The Armenian Genocide occurred alongside the Greek and Assyrian genocides. The State of Turkey denies that a genocide occurred.
275,000[8] 750,000[8] 75% of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword") Ottoman Empire Ottoman flag.svg 1915 1923 Approximately 75% of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire and two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population worldwide were slaughtered during these years. The genocide is commonly known as "Seyfo" (which means sword in Assyrian), and is grouped with the concurrent Armenian Genocide and Greek Genocides. Turkey has yet to recognize the genocide.
200,000[9] 1,000,000[9] Greek genocide Ottoman Empire Ottoman flag.svg 1915 1918 450,000-900,000 Greeks (Pontic, Cappadocian and Ionians) massacred by the Ottoman Empire. It was instigated by the government of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek population of the Empire and included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary executions, and destruction of Greek Orthodox cultural, historical and religious monuments. Denied by Turkey, but considered a genocide.
80,000 [10] 300,000 [10] Hamidian Massacres Համիդյան ջարդեր Ottoman Empire Ottoman flag.svg 1894 1896 Massacres of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s, with estimates of the dead ranging from 80,000 to 300,000, resulting in 50,000 orphaned children. The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to reinforce the territorial integrity of the embattled Ottoman Empire, reasserted Pan-Islamism as a state ideology. Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians, they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as in Diyarbekir Vilayet where some 25,000 Assyrians were killed.
3,000,000 10,000,000 Congo Free State Congo 1885 1908 A reduction of the population of the Congo is noted by all who have compared the country at the beginning of Leopold's control with the beginning of Belgian state rule in 1908, but estimates of the deaths toll vary considerably. Estimates of contemporary observers suggest that the population decreased by half during this period and these are supported by some modern scholars such as Jan Vansina.[11] Others dispute this. Scholars at the Royal Museum for Central Africa argue that a decrease of 15% over the first forty years of colonial rule (up to the census of 1924).[citation needed] This depopulation had four main causes: "indiscriminate war", starvation, reduction of births and diseases.[12] Sleeping sickness was also a major cause of fatality at the time. Opponents of Leopold's rule argue, however, that the administration itself was to be considered responsible for the spreading of the epidemic.[13] In the absence of a census providing even an initial idea of the size of population of the region at the inception of the Congo Free State (the first was taken in 1924),[14] it is impossible to quantify population changes in the period.[15] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably, but the figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[12] Assuming the validity of these estimates, it is controversial whether the depopulation would be considered genocide. While the crimes against humanity which occurred under the forced labour system of the Congo Free State are well documented, it is not considered by mainstream scholars to constitute a genocide under the legal definition.
1,000,000[16] 3,000,000[16] Cambodian Genocide  Cambodia 1975 1979 On 7 August 2014, Nuon Chea, second in command to Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, received a life sentence for crimes against humanity, alongside another top-tier Khmer Rouge leader, Khieu Samphan.[17]
30,000 500,000[18] Red Terror (Ethiopia)  Ethiopia 1977 1978 The Ethiopian Red Terror was a violent political campaign in Ethiopia and Eritrea that most visibly took place after Communist Mengistu Haile Mariam achieved control of the Derg, the military junta, on 3 February 1977. In December 2006, Mengistu Haile Mariam was convicted in absentia for his role in the Red Terror while leader of Ethiopia. He remains in hiding today under the protection of Zimbabwe.
2,400,000[19][20]<ref="Vallinbook">France Meslé; Jacques Vallin (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle: la crise sanitaire dans les pays de l'ex-URSS. Ined. ISBN 978-2-7332-0152-7. </ref> 7,500,000 [21][22][23] Holodomor Голодомор (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933)  Ukrainian SSR 1932 1933 Holodomor was a famine in Ukraine caused by the government of Joseph Stalin, a part of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933. Holodomor is claimed by the contemporary Ukrainian government to be a genocide of the Ukrainians. According to the decision of Kyiv Appellation Court, 3.9 million Ukrainians died in the famine.

As of March 2008, Ukraine and nineteen other governments[24] have recognized the actions of the Soviet government as an act of genocide. The joint statement at the United Nations in 2003 has defined the famine as the result of cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime that caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, Russians, Kazakhs and other nationalities in the USSR. On 23 October 2008 the European Parliament adopted a resolution[25] that recognized the Holodomor as a crime against humanity.[26]

On January 12, 2010, the court of appeals in Kiev opened hearings into the "fact of genocide-famine Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–33", in May 2009 the Security Service of Ukraine had started a criminal case "in relation to the genocide in Ukraine in 1932–33".[27] In a ruling on January 13, 2010 the court found Stalin and other Bolshevik leaders guilty of genocide against the Ukrainians.[28]
1,000,000 3,000,000 Nigerian Civil War  Nigeria 1967 1970 Since the independence of Nigeria in 1960 the 3 ethnic groups, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, had always been fighting over control in the political realm. The Igbos seemed to have control over most of Nigeria's politics until the assassination of the then Igbo president Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi by Hausa general Yakubu Gowon. With this the Igbos seceded from Nigeria and created the Republic of Biafra. The Igbos had the upper hand until late 1967 when food supplies were cut off. By mid-1968 50% of Igbos were starving and thousands more were being slaughtered by Hausa and Yoruba soldiers. In 1970 the Igbos surrendered to the Nigerians and by then anywhere from 1 to 3 million Igbos had either starved or been killed.
500,000[29][30] 2,000,000[29][30] 30 September Movement, G30S/PKI  Indonesia 1965 1966 Anti-communist purge and right-wing coup that brought Suharto to power, widely believed to have been aided by the US and western powers. During the Suharto regime, all discussion of the genocide was strictly censored, resulting in continued widespread ignorance and silence. No one has ever been charged or held accountable.[31][32][33][34][35]
500,000[36] 1,000,000[36] Rwandan genocide  Rwanda 1994 1994 Some 50 perpetrators of the genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to no witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the gacaca court system. Genocidaires who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars).
480,000[37] 600,000[37] 80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats Zunghar Genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate Western Mongolia,
 Kazakhstan, northern
 Kyrgyzstan, southern
 Siberia		 1755 1758 The Qianlong Emperor of Qing China issued his orders for the genocide and eradication of the Zunghar nation, ordering the massacre of all the Zunghar men and enslaving Zunghar women and children.[38] The Qianlong Emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.[39][40] The Qing soldiers who massacred the Zunghars were Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Zunghar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of li except those of the surrendered.[37][41][42] Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."[37][43] Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.[37] Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[37] Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."[44]
400,000[45] 1,500,000 inc fled/deported[45] 40% Circassian Genocide Circassia 1817 1867 Although there is no legal continuity between the Russian Empire and the modern Russian Federation, and the concept of genocide was only adopted in international law in the 20th century, on 5 July 2005 the Circassian Congress, an organization that unites representatives of the various Circassian peoples in the Russian Federation, called on Moscow first to acknowledge and then to apologize for Tsarist policies that Circassians say constituted a genocide. Their appeal pointed out that "according to the official tsarist documents more than 400,000 Circassians were killed, 497,000 were forced to flee abroad to Turkey, and only 80,000 were left alive in their native area." Other sources give much higher numbers, totaling 1 million- 1.5 million deported and/or killed.[45] See also: Circassian Genocide
300,000[46] 500,000[46] Decossackization Don River area,  Soviet Union 1919 1920 In the Russian Civil War that followed the October Revolution, the Cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. Many officers and experienced Cossacks fought for the White Army, and some for the Red Army. Following the defeat of the White Army, a policy of Decossackization (Raskazachivaniye) took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as a potential threat to the new regime. This mostly involved dividing their territory amongst other divisions and giving it to new autonomous republics of minorities, and then actively encouraging settlement of these territories with those peoples. This was especially true for the Terek Cossacks land. According to Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 3 million, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Cossacks".[46]
400,000[47][48] War in Darfur  Sudan 2003 2010 War crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war in Darfur have been variously described a genocide. See International response to the War in Darfur
110,000[49] 250,000[50] Massacres of Polish peoples  Soviet Union 1937 1938 The operation from 1937-38 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union. The crime is considered genocide.[51][52]
100,000[53] 200,000[54] Massacres of Maya peoples  Guatemala 1962 1996 Massacres of Maya during the Guatemalan Civil War was a genocide according to the Historical Clarification Commission.[55][56]
60,000 200,000 Volhynia massacre  Poland 1943 1944 Massacre of Poles by Ukrainian formations OUN, UPA and SS Galizien in eastern Polish territories Volhynia and Eastern Lesser Poland (now Ukraine)
50,000[57] 200,000[58] Al-Anfal Campaign  Iraq 1986 1989 The al-Anfal Campaign (Arabic: حملة الأنفال‎), also known as the Kurdish Genocide,[59] was a genocidal[60] campaign against the Kurdish people (and other non-Arab populations) in northern Iraq, led by the Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of Iran–Iraq War. The campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist government for a series of systematic attacks against the Kurdish population of northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 and culminating in 1988. The campaign also targeted other minority communities in Iraq including Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Jews, Mandeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. As many as 180,000 Kurds were murdered.[61]

[62]
78,000[63][64] 100,000[65] Ustasha genocide  Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 The NDH government murdered tens of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma and antifascist Croats inside its borders. Genocide during period of Independent State of Croatia and Yugoslavia, with official policy of extermination similar to that of Nazi Germany. See also The Holocaust in Croatia.
50,000[66] 100,000[66] Massacres of Hutus  Burundi 1972 1972 Tutsi government massacres of Hutu, part of the Burundi genocide
275,000[67] 450,000[67] Nanking Massacre Nanking 1937 1938 Mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against Nanking (current official spelling: Nanjing) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this period, hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. Widespread rape and looting also occurred.
26,000[68] 3,000,000[68] 1971 Bangladesh atrocities  Bangladesh 1971 1971 Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from paramilitary militias—the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams—formed by the radical Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party.
24,000[69] 75,000[70] Herero and Namaqua genocide  Namibia 1904 1908 Generally accepted. See also Imperial Germany
20,000[71] 80,000[72] Dictatorship and political repression in Equatorial Guinea  Equatorial Guinea 1969 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema led a brutal dictatorship in his country, most notably against the minority Bubi. It is estimated that his regime killed at least 20,000 people, while around 100,000 (one third of the population) fled the country.[71] At his trial, Nguema was found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity. He was executed in 1979.[73]
13,160[74] 70,000[75] Dersim Massacre Dersim,
 Turkey		 1937 1938 Tens of thousands of Kurds were killed and thousands more forced into exile, depopulating the province.
8,000[76] 8,500[77] Srebrenica massacre Srebrenica,
 Bosnia		 1995 1995 A genocidal massacre according to the ICTY. The Srebrenica massacre is the most recent genocide committed in Europe. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks.[78] See also: War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian genocide.
5,000 Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL 2015- ongoing The genocidal persecution of the Yazidi people of Iraq by the terrorist group ISIL—including massacres, abductions and rape of Yazidis, expulsions, and forced conversion, is considered by the UN to amount to attempted genocide.[79]
580,000 Bar Kokhba revolt Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire 132 136 The Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in an extensive depopulation of Judean Jewish communities, more so than the First Jewish–Roman War of 70 CE.[80] Despite easing persecution of Jews following Hadrian's death in 138 CE, the Romans barred Jews from Jerusalem, except for synagogue attendance on Tisha B'Av. The Jewish community of Judea was devastated in events which some scholars describe as a genocide.[80][81] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews perished in the war and many more died of hunger and disease, while those who survived were sold into slavery.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Niewyk, Donald; Nicosia, Francis (2000). The Columbia guide to the Holocaust. New York, NY [u.a.]: Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 45–52. ISBN 9780231112000. Retrieved 9 August 2015. 
  2. ^ A figure of 5.29 million as informed by Yadvashem Center. Other references: Christopher Hodapp, Freemasons for Dummies, 2005; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 2003; Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust, 1993; Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1995.
  3. ^ Lucy Dawidowicz (2000). The War Against the Jews. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0. 
  4. ^ Donald L. Niewyk; Francis R. Nicosia (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0. 
  5. ^ [1],[2]
  6. ^ Gilbert 1988, pp. 242–4.
  7. ^ Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews, Bantam, 1986.p. 403
  8. ^ a b Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
  9. ^ a b Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.
  10. ^ a b Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010), Historical Dictionary of Armenia (2nd ed.), Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, p. 154.
  11. ^ Hochschild p.232–233.
  12. ^ a b Hochschild p.226–232.
  13. ^ Hochschild p.230–231.
  14. ^ Shelton, Dinah (2005). Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Detroit, Michigan: Macmillan. p. 621. ISBN 0-02-865849-3. 
  15. ^ p.226-232, Hochschild, Adam (1999), King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-547-52573-7
  16. ^ a b Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
  17. ^ McKirdy, Euan (7 August 2014). "Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. 
  18. ^ Red Terror (Ethiopia) Wikipedia
  19. ^ Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov. 2002), pp. 249–264
  20. ^ France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
  21. ^ David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50
  22. ^ – "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine. ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
  23. ^ sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the famine as genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")
  24. ^ European Parliament resolution on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)
  25. ^ European Parliament recognises Ukrainian famine of 1930s as crime against humanity (Press Release 23-10-2008)
  26. ^ Holodomor court hearings begin in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (January 12, 2010)
  27. ^ Yushchenko brings Stalin to court over genocide, RT (January 14, 2010)
  28. ^ a b Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0521527503. Retrieved August 17, 2015. 
  29. ^ a b Cribb, Robert; Kahin, Audrey (September 15, 2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0810849358. 
  30. ^ Indonesian killings of 1965–66
  31. ^ Schonhardt, Sara. "Veil of Silence Lifted in Indonesia", New York Times, Jan 19, 2012.
  32. ^ Hilton, Isabel."Our bloody coup in Indonesia", The Guardian, Aug 1, 2001.
  33. ^ Communist Party of Indonesia#Mass killings and the end of the PKI
  34. ^ Pembantaian di Indonesia 1965-1966
  35. ^ a b See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide[dead link], Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  36. ^ a b c d e f Peter C Perdue (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01684-2. 
  37. ^ Millward 2007, p. 95.
  38. ^ 大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
  39. ^ 平定準噶爾方略
  40. ^ Wei Yuan, 聖武記 Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"
  41. ^ Lattimore, Owen (1950). Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. Little, Brown. p. 126. 
  42. ^ Michael Edmund Clarke, In the Eye of Power (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37[dead link]
  43. ^ A. Dirk Moses (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4. 
  44. ^ a b c "145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue". Reuters. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009. 
  45. ^ a b c Michael Kort (2001). The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. East Gate Book. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7656-0396-8. 
  46. ^ "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict". The Lancet. January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-24. 
  47. ^ Debate over Darfur death toll intensifies
  48. ^ Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19196-8. p. 217.
  49. ^ Michał Jasiński (2010-10-27). "Zapomniane ludobójstwo stalinowskie (The forgotten Stalinist genocide)". Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia. Retrieved April 28, 2011.'
  50. ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore. Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar, page 229. Vintage Books, New York 2003. Vintage ISBN 1-4000-7678-1
  51. ^ Franciszek Tyszka. "Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than Katyn)". Super Express. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  52. ^ Larry Rohter (1995-08-23). "Death Squads in Guatemala: Even the Elite Are Not Safe". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-16. 
  53. ^ Clinton: Support for Guatemala Was Wrong, Charles Babington, Thursday, March 11, 1999; Page A1The Washington Post
  54. ^ Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission, United Nations website, 1 March 1999
  55. ^ Staff. Guatemala 'genocide' probe blames state. BBC. 25 February 1999. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/286402.stm.
  56. ^ Edward Wong Hussein Charged With Genocide in 50,000 Deaths The New York Times. Published: April 5, 2006. Accessdate: 2 August 2010.
  57. ^ William Ochsenwald; Sydney Nettleton Fisher (2003-06-04). The Middle East: A History. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. p. 659. ISBN 978-0-07-244233-5. 
  58. ^ Totten, Samuel. Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. ABC-CLIO, 2008 "Kurdish Genocide in Northern Iraq, (U.S. Response to). Well aware of the genocidal Al-Anfal campaign waged against the Kurds in northern Iraq by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein." p 252
  59. ^ "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. A Middle East Watch Report: Human Rights Watch 1993". Hrw.org. 2006-08-14. Retrieved 2013-08-31. 
  60. ^ G. Black, Human Rights Watch, Middle East Watch (1993). Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds. Human Rights Watch. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-1-56432-108-4. 
  61. ^ David McDowall (2004-05-14). A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition. I. B. Tauris. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0. 
  62. ^ http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/p07.htm.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
  63. ^ Bleiburg repatriations#Yugo Death Tolls:Yugoslavia"Lowest estimate for killed by Ustasha: For Serbs: 38,000. For Jews: 26,000. For Gypsies: 20,000. For Croats killed by Ustasha: 15,000. Lowest estimate for killed by Serbian Cetniks: For Jews: 13,500 (95%). Lowest estimate for killed by Yugoslavian Communist: For Croats: 35,000 Bleiburg repatriations. A total of 525,000"
  64. ^ http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=6711
  65. ^ a b Samantha Power (2003-05-01). "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide. Harper Perennial. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-06-054164-4. 
  66. ^ a b http://cnd.org/mirror/nanjing/NMNJ.html
  67. ^ a b While the official Pakistani government report estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments – Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, chapter 2, paragraph 33 (official 1974 Pakistani report).
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh – Matthew White's website
    Virtual Bangladesh: History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971'
  68. ^ Walter Nuhn (1989). Sturm über Südwest. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6. 
  69. ^ According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907
  70. ^ a b Kevin Shillington (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press. p. 486. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6. 
  71. ^ plotter faces life in Africa's most notorious jail[dead link]
  72. ^ Alejandro Artucio. The Trial of Macias in Equatorial Guinea. International Commission of Jurists. pp. 20–27. 
  73. ^ "Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü", Radikal, November 19, 2009. (Turkish)
  74. ^ http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf
  75. ^ Who, What, Why: How will Mladic's fitness for trial be assessed?
  76. ^ While the ICJ found that "genocidal acts" had been carried out throughout the war, the court was able to definitely establish genocidal intent in only one case, the Srebrenica massacre: "Serbia found guilty of failure to prevent and punish genocide", Sense Agency 26 Feb 2007, accessed 29 August 2007
  77. ^ "Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre". BBC News. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-03-31. 
  78. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/0807/Islamic-State-persecution-of-Yazidi-minority-amounts-to-genocide-UN-says-video
  79. ^ a b Taylor, J. E. The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction 
  80. ^ Totten, S. Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources. p24. [3]
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