Odinism

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The hammer Mjölnir (literally "smasher", "smashing power") is one of the primary symbols of Odinism; pendants are commonly worn amongst adherents

Odinism is a new religious movement focused on honoring Odin,[1] Thor, Frigg, Freyr, Freyja, Heimdallr, and other deities[2] from Norse religion.[3][4] Some adherents will use "Odinism" as synonymous with Ásatrú, (which means "true to the gods"),[5][6][7][8] but others reject an equivalence between the two terms.[9] In addition, some see it as synonymous with Wotanism or Wodenism also, whilst others object to this.[10][11]

In Scandinavia, the religion may be called Forn Sed.[12]

A union of Odinism and Ásatrú was attempted in 1997,[13][14] but it was dissolved in 2002.[15][16]

History and name[edit]

Current research suggests that the term "Odinism" was first used in 1822 in Universal Geography: Or A Description of All Parts of the World, on a New Plan, According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe, Volume 1 by Conrad Malte-Brun, in 1823 in the book, The Habitations of Cruelty; Or, A Picture of Heathenism, published by Knight & Lacey, pages 271, and xvi. Later in 1829 in The Misfortunes of Elphin by Thomas Love Peacock, and in 1830 in the book, Historic Survey of German Poetry: Interspersed with Various Translations, Volume 1 by William Taylor, page 32. Most famously, it was used in 1840 by the Scottish writer, historian, and philosopher, Thomas Carlyle. It featured in his book, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History, which was published by James Fraser, London, in 1841 and consisted of a collection of six lectures held in May 1840. Odinism is mentioned three times in the publication: "Lecture 1. (May 5th, 1840) - The Hero as Divinity. Odin. Paganism: Scandinavian Mythology", "Lecture 4. (May 15th, 1840) - The Hero as Priest. Luther; Reformation: Knox; Puritanism", and "Summary and Index. Summary, Lecture 1. The Hero as Divinity. Odin. Paganism: Scandinavian Mythology". It was also used by Orestes Brownson in his 1848 Letter to Protestants.[17] It was re-introduced in the late 1930s by Alexander Rud Mills in Australia with his First Anglecyn Church of Odin and his book The Call of Our Ancient Nordic Religion.[18][19]

In the 1960s and early 1970s, Else Christensen's Odinist Study Group and later the Odinist Fellowship brought the term into usage in North America. In the UK, Odinic Rite has specifically identified themselves as "Odinists" since the 1970s.

In Russia there is a movement of left-hand path Odinists[20] who focus on the search for the true self and utilise the darkside of Odinism. This group is headed by Askr Svarte and in the UK by Nikarev Leshy.

Beliefs[edit]

 
Forms
West Germanic paganism
Anglo-Saxon paganism
Norse religion
Core Beliefs
Paganism · Polytheism · Numerology
Germanic mythology · Yggdrasil · Ragnarök
Practises
Blót · Félag · Seiðr · Völva
The Æsir and Vanir
Baldr · Borr · Bragi · Búri
Dagri · Dellingr · Eir · Forseti
Freyja · Freyr · Frigg · Fulla
Gefjun · Hel · Heimdall (Ríg)
Hermóðr · Hlín · Höðr · Hœnir
Iðunn · Jörð · Kvasir · Lofn · Loki
Máni · Mímir · Nanna · Norns
Nótt · Odin/Wōden/Wōdanaz
Sága and Sökkvabekkr · Seaxnēat
Sif · Sjöfn · Skaði · Skírnir · Skuld
Snotra · Sól · Thor (Donar· Týr · Ullr
Vali · Vár ·  · Víðarr · Vili · Vör
Mythological groups
Female spirits (Dís, Idisi, Norns, Valkyries· Dwarves · Einherjar
Elves (Dark elves, Light elves, Swart elves)
Jötunn · Trolls
Texts
Nibelungenlied
---
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle · Beowulf
De temporum ratione · Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
---
Poetic Edda · Prose Edda
Gesta Danorum · Völsung Cycle
Tyrfing Cycle · Sagas
Other
Odinism, Wotanism
Ásatrú in the United States
Der Ring des Nibelungen

Odinists use ancient texts, known collectively as the Eddas,[21] as "important primary sources of information on the old religion," and its theology and cosmology. According to the Odinist Fellowship, "the importance of the Eddas to the contemporary revival of Odinism" is "self-evident," and "no literate Odinist should fail to devote time to their study." [2][22]

In particular, the Codex Regius manuscript of the Poetic Edda is especially important.[23][24]

Odinists are polytheists. Many Odinists are "hard polytheists",[25] and they believe that the gods and goddesses are real beings with distinct personalities,.[26] Many Odinists believe that the gods and goddesses walk the (Midgard) in human form, and E. Max Hyatt claimed that Odin and Frigg were guests in his home.[27]

Others, however, see the gods and goddesses as different aspects of nature or as Jungian archetypes.[28][29]

None of the gods are omnipotent. Indeed, a few possess disabilities, such as Tyr, who lost a hand, and Höðr, who is blind.[30]

None" of these gods and goddesses is "good" or "evil" in the "Christian sense," "but "could be either, both or neither depending on context and perspective."[31]

Odinists are not slaves to any deities. They do not kneel or bow their heads to the gods. Odinists (and Asatruar) believe they are "kin to the gods" and are also the "friends" of the gods.[32][33][34]

Odinist lore has two types of gods, the Æsir and the Vanir. The Aesir mostly pertain to the sphere of human society, and they govern the arts, force, law, wisdom, et cetera; on the other hand the Vanir embody elements and forces of nature, such as fertility, water, beauty.[35][36]

Other important entities are the Giants or Jötuns. They are not evil, but they are the dangerous enemies of the gods.[37] [38] Although constantly in conflict, the gods and the giants have a complex relationship. Odin, for example, has a Jotun mother, and Loki, a giant, made a blood brotherhood pact with Odin.[39] Notably, however, although the Aesir seduced giant females, they (unlike the Vanir) never married them. Also, the ásynjur, the females, were off-limits to Jotuns.[40]

Odinists strongly believe in the power of destiny or fate. Personified as the Norns, they are female beings who rule the destiny of humans and the gods and goddesses themselves.[41] According to Snorri Sturluson's interpretation of the Völuspá, the three most important norns are Urðr, Verðandi and Skuld.[42]

The Voluspa, in the Poetic Edda, describes the norns. The reference to "wood" refers to the runes:

Thence come the maidens
mighty in wisdom,
Three from the dwelling
down 'neath the tree;
Urth is one named,
Verthandi the next,--
On the wood they scored,--
and Skuld the third.
Laws they made there,
and life allotted
To the sons of men,
and set their fates.[43]

Afterlife Beliefs[edit]

See Death in Norse Paganism

In general, Odinists believe these words of the Odinic Rite of Australia: "Our ancestors are sacred. Some are already living with the gods."

Odinism features what Régis Boyer called the "universal belief" in "multiple souls." [44]

"Odin's last words to Baldr" (1908) by W. G. Collingwood.

The most important of these souls is Hugr (spirit, mood, thought, similar to the spiiritus in Latin). The hugr, a type of "free soul," can leave during sleep and take on the shape (hamr) of another human or animal and physically act in those forms[45] Another soul is the fylgia or double (like Egyptian ka or Greek eidilon) Fylgia is from verb "to follow." It often took the form of an animal ( the mental state of individual determined that) When an individual saw his fylgia while awake it was an omen of death.[45]

The most celebrated post-death destination[46][47] is Valhalla. Those who die in battle and those who initiate themselves into Odin's warrior brotherhood (called "marking with the spear, the initiation rite is mentioned in Ynglinga Saga) will be Odin's guests in in Valhalla.[48] The death-song of Ragnar Lodbrók describes this belief, so, too, does the poet of Eiríksmál. [49][50]

Interestingly, in the Grimnismal, in the Poetic Edda, the goddess Freyja takes half of the heroic dead to her "field of the host," a place called Fólkvangr. This is probably a reference to women who die giving birth.[51]

Some Odinists believe in reincarnation (more properly, the transmigration of souls), and the concept is suggested in the Poetic Edda. The epilogue of Helgakviða Hundingsbana II refers to the idea.[52]

One group, the Wotanists, claim that Valhalla is here on Midgard (earth), and warriors are reborn here to do battle again. Weaklings and cowards, in contrast, simply dissolve with death.[53]

Ragnarök and the Eternal Recurrence[edit]

See Ragnarök

Odinists believe that “Time is not lineal but circular, with everything moving in cycles of birth, death, and rebirth.”[54]

Odinists believe that this current universe will one day perish in a final battle between the gods and their enemies. In this battle, called Ragnarok, most of the gods, and the champions in Valhalla (the einherjar), will die heroically.[55]

Odinists also believe, however, that "nothing dies forever."[56] In the circle of time, called the eternal recurrence by Friedrich Nietzsche,[57] and the "Law-of-the-Endless-Circle" by Odinists, this universe, and the same gods and humans who are in it, will one day return.[58]

Ethics[edit]

See Nine Noble Virtues

Odinism is a "life-affirming religion,"[59] a creed without "penitence."[60] In the words of one Odinist: "Instead of stressing forgiveness and redemption, we emphasize honour, and the value of man. We do not need forgiveness from our gods. To ask forgiveness is to once again subjugate yourself. Instead you remember the mistake, and seek to learn from it. There is no absolution, no clean slate. You live with your actions, and you die with their memories."[3]

Odinist ethics are based on virtues found in historical Norse paganism, taken mainly the Poetic Edda, especially the Hávamál and the Sigrdrífumál,[61][62] In the Odinic Rite, these virtues are defined as

  1. Courage
  2. Truth
  3. Honour
  4. Fidelity
  5. Discipline
  6. Hospitality
  7. Self Reliance
  8. Industriousness
  9. Perseverance

Promoting a warrior ethic, Odinists have an ethical system based on honorand shame, rather than guiltand sin. In a shame ethical system, the highest good is public esteem. In a guilt ethical system, such as Christianity, the highest good is a quiet conscience. In an honor/shame ethical system, reputation is everything.[63]Thus, in the Hávamál, these words are uttered:

Every man is mortal:
But I know one thing that never dies,
The glory of the great deed.

Rituals[edit]

An Odinist altar for household worship in Gothenburg, Sweden. The painted tablet on the back depicts Sunna, the two larger wooden idols Odin (left) and Frey (right), in front of them there are the three Norns, and in the front row a red Thor and other idols. In front of the cult images are two ritual hammers.

Julius Caesar noted that the ancient Germans had no equivalent to druids and cared little for ritual,[64] but modern Odinists have religious rituals, such as a blót, where Odinists offer mead libations,[65] and rituals for rites of passage, such as marriage.. Odinist rituals may be found in the Book of Blots by Stubba (John Yeowell) of the Odinic Rite.[66] Another noted collection is the Asatru Book of Blotar and Rituals by the Asatru Folk Assembly, which is based on the work Stubba.[67]

By conducting rituals to the gods and goddesses, "We remember them, honor them, and try to become more like them."[68]

One model for the blot can be found in Harkonar saga goda. At a ritual meal, a sacred toast was drunk to Odin (for power and victory), then to Njörðr and Frey (for propsperity and security). "Men also drank a toast to their kinsmen who were buried, and that was called a memorial toast." [69]

Odinist rites often take place in private homes,[70] but places to honor the gods and goddesses have been established on plots of land purchased for the purpose.[71] Odinists may use a hörg (a grove of trees), or they may build a hof (a wooden temple) on the land.[72]

British Odinists have converted a 16th-century chapel in Newark, Nottinghamshire, into an Odinist temple.[73] and currently two hofs are planned for construction in Iceland, one in Reykjavík[74] and one in Akranes.[75]

Odinists have also archaeological sites for their rituals. In the United Kingdom, for example, Odinists have assembled at Nine Ladies stone circle in Derbyshire,[76] and the Rollright Stones in Warwickshire.[77][78]

Odinism and Race[edit]

See Neo-völkisch movements

The Fylfot (English name for the swastika), in its many forms, is used in the past as another symbolic rendering of the Mjöllnir,[79] is a popular and somewhat important symbol used nowadays by Odinists.[80][81]

Although one Odinist group specifically teaches that there are no "master races" and no "chosen peoples,"[82] the term "Odinism" is sometimes associated with the ideology of Nordicism and "folkish" ideals.[83]

According to Professor Mattias Gardell, some see "Odinism as revolving around the primacy of race and Asatrú serving as its nonracial counterpart," but "in reality" there "seems to be no such neat division," and many "self-defined Asatrúers" are "centered on race."[84]

For the Odinic Rite at least, "Odinism is the organic religion of the peoples of Northern Europe."[85] Which it is and some people who are not educated assume that the Odinic Rite associates with racist or White supremacist individuals and movements when the opposite is true. Odinic Rite members are not people involved in hate and disparaging activity. See Charge six of the Nine Charges.

In the opinion of Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, a scholar of esotericism, Nordic racial paganism is synonymous with the Odinist movement (including some who identify as Wotanist). He describes it as a "spiritual rediscovery of the Aryan ancestral gods...intended to embed the white races in a sacred worldview that supports their tribal feeling", and expressed in "imaginative forms of ritual magic and ceremonial forms of fraternal fellowship".[86] All seem particularly aimed at denigrating the folkish perspective which does include study from the times of the great folk wanderings as told in the writings of Zoroastrianism and the Vedic texts among much other learning.

Extreme forms of Odinism can be found in prison subcultures, such the Holy Nation of Odin, led by Casper Crowell.[87]

Some extreme right wing white power movements have twisted Odinism to promote a white power agenda.[88]

Odinic Rite[edit]

Main article: Odinic Rite

In 1973 John Gibbs-Bailey (known as "Hoskuld") and John Yeowell (known as "Stubba") founded the Committee for the Restoration of the Odinic Rite or Odinist Committee in England.[89] In 1980 the organisation changed its name to The Odinic Rite after it was believed that it had gained enough significant interest in the restoration of the Odinic faith.

In 1988 the Odinic Rite became the first polytheistic religious organisation to be granted "Registered Charity" status in the UK.

Odinic Rite has national branches in France (ORF), North America (ORV, 1997) and the Netherlands (ORN, 2006).[90] A separate organisation formed from 1972-1994 is the Odinic Rite of Australia [91] A German chapter of Odinic Rite was founded in 1995, but this group renamed itself Verein für germanisches Heidentum (VfGH) and severed all organisational ties with Odinic Rite in 2006.[92]

Odinic Rite of Australia[edit]

The Odinic Rite of Australia was founded in the 1990s as an independent organisation, after over a century of Odinism in the southern continent, culminating in the works of Rud Mills in the 1930s and beyond. For more information, see the ORA's background at ORA's history.[93]

The Odinic Rite of Australia in 2011 published the "Melbourne Creed" of Odinism, which is a 9-point statement of belief, "An Odinist Creed."[94] The creed is designed to suggest beliefs that many modern heathens may share.

The Odinic Rite of Australia has had legal status with the Australian government since 1995, and is currently seeking recognition to supply Pagan religious celebrants for government-recognised legal marriages. In December 2014 it published the authorised second edition of Stubba's "Book of Blots", originally published by the Odinic Rite in 1991.

Odinist Fellowship (US)[edit]

Main article: Odinist Fellowship

Initiated by Else Christensen and her husband Alex, the Odinist Study Group was renamed the Odinist Fellowship in 1971, around the time of the death of Alex Christensen. Else Christensen's relocation to Florida, US. came in the 1980s.[95]

For many years, The Odinist Fellowship published a periodical called The Odinist out of Canada and Crystal River, Florida.[95] Additionally, her travels included friendly contact with other groups, such as the large Arizona Kindred (where she met up with the Kindred's "Norsemen of Midgard" motorcycle club) and the Steve McNallen's Asatru Folk Assembly. Since Else died in 2005, her Odinist Fellowship dissolved, with much of the membership transferring to the Odinic Rite.[96] The last known chapter of the US Odinist Fellowship is based in Florida, and is called the Kindred Folk.[citation needed]The organization has recently been reactivated in 2015.[97]

Odinist Fellowship (UK)[edit]

Main article: Odinist Fellowship

The British-based Odinist Fellowship was established by Ralph Harrison in 1988and is unaffiliated with the US organization founded by Christensen. The British Odinist Fellowship is registered under English law as a religious charity.[98]

The aim of the Odinist Fellowship, according to its constitution is "to practise, promote and propagate Odinism. By Odinism is meant the original, indigenous form of Pagan, polytheistic religion and spiritual beliefs, practised by the ancestors of the English and related northern European peoples, as embodied in the Eddas and as they have found expression in the wisdom and in the historical experience of those peoples." The Odinist Fellowship, according to its website, claims that Odinism is England's "native and national faith".

Odinists practise a nine-fold calendar and the Odinist Fellowship's liturgy of worship and sacrifices are published in "The Book of Rites". A notable achievement of the British Odinist Fellowship was to gain legal recognition for the Odinist religion in the case of "Holden v Royal Mail PLC(2006)", when a ruling was made to declare that Odinism is to be recognized as a religion for the purposes of anti-discrimination legislation.

According to its website, the Odinist Fellowship is planning to "institute a network of [Odinist] temples in every [English] county, and in every major town and city up and down the land". The first of these was inaugurated in June 2014 when a 1556 Tudor chapel in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, purchased by the Odinist Fellowship, was consecrated as the first Odinist Temple in England for over a thousand years.[citation needed]

The website describes Odinism as follows: "Odinism is a polytheistic religion. We believe in and honour the life-giving and bountiful gods and goddesses of the Odinic pantheon, whom we refer to collectively as the High Gods of Asgard, or as the Æsir and Vanir. Our gods are true gods, divine, living, spiritual entities, endowed with power and intelligence, able and willing to intervene in the course of Nature and of human lives. It behooves us to seek their goodwill and sucour through prayer and sacrifice. But the gods do not require us to abase and humble ourselves; they do not seek to make of us craven slaves. Odinists therefore do not bow or kneel or kow-tow to the gods, but address them proudly like free, upstanding men and women. Odinists regard our gods, not as our masters, but as firm friends and powerful allies."[99]

Odin Brotherhood[edit]

Main article: Odin Brotherhood

In a book published with Holmes Publishing Group in 1992, and now in its sixth edition with Mandrake of Oxford,[100] Mark Mirabello, a British-educated history professor who lectures in the United States, claimed to have been in contact with a secret society known as the Odin Brotherhood. Mirabello claims that the Odin Brotherhood preserves genuine traditions of pre-Christian paganism in Britain.[101][102][103] He claims that the group was founded in 1421.[101]

Professor Graham Harvey, writing in 1995, had this opinion: "A book called The Odin Brotherhood has been circulating which claims to be a record of contacts (in Britain and elsewhere) between Dr. Mark Mirabello and a secret society called the Odin Brotherhood. Whilst I have received enigmatic letters claiming to be from members of the group I have been unable to check the veracity of Mirabello's claims. No other group that I have talked to (including one that was named in a "Brotherhood" letter as a contact) has any more knowledge of the group beyond reading the book. Most doubt its existence."[104]

Today, however, the group has web sites[105] and an anonymous forum.[106]

In 2013, The Way of the Odin Brotherhood by Jack Wolf[107] of Canada was published. The book details Mr. Wolf's own contact with the Brotherhood and provides additional details on the group's beliefs, legends, and practices.[108] The book is published by Mandrake of Oxford.[109]

Mr. Wolf's book contains new revelations about the Brotherhood, including the suggestion that the gods, who visit here often, are actually living in the past. According to the Brotherhood, the entire time line of past, present, and future is accessible to the gods.[108]

Odinist Community of Spain — Ásatrú[edit]

There is some Germanic neopaganism found in Spain, including the Odinist Community of Spain — Ásatrú (COE)[110] founded as Circulo Odinista Español in 1981.[111] The COE was recognized by the Spanish government as a religion, allowing them to perform "legally binding civil ceremonies", such as marriages. COE[112] is the fourth Odinist/Asatru religious organization in the world to be recognized with official status, after those in Iceland, Norway and Denmark.[113]

Odinic Rite of Argentina - Rito Odinista de Argentina[edit]

There is also an Odinic Rite of Argentina (Rito Odinista de Argentina) that has no association with the Odinic Rite in England.[114]

Wodanesdag Press (Hyatt)[edit]

Wodanesdag Press is a minor independent publisher in the United States, specialized in "Ásatrú/Odinism". It was established by E. Max Hyatt a.k.a. Edred Wodanson (1948-2010) in 1993.[115]

E. Max Hyatt (Edred Wodanson) is best known for his book, Asatru--The Hidden Fortress.

Wodanesdag Press also ran an "Outreach Program of Wodan's Kindred" (odin.org). Identifying their religion as "Asatru/Odinism", the organization's FAQ comments on the question What is the difference between "Asatru" and "Odinism"?

"[...] in both the U.S. and Europe many hearty souls were awakening to the ancient call of their Ancestral gods and goddesses. Some adopted the name Asatru to identify their beliefs, while others used the name Odinism (Odin being the Alfather). Many believe that the two names are interchangeable, while others disagree. It has been noted by some writers on the subject that Asatruar (followers of Asatru) seem to be more spiritually oriented, while Odinists seem to be more political in their views. While this does hold true in some cases, it cannot be applied to all. There are several Odinist organizations that have no political interests, whatsoever. At the same time there are many Folk who go by the name Asatruar, and are very political. All of this said, it is true that a large number of Odinists believe that the various gods and goddesses of the Northern pantheon are simply representations of the various aspects of Nature. Whereas, most Asatruar believe that while this Nature-aspect is true, in another sense the gods are also real spiritual beings, with unique lives separate from this Earth (i.e. in Asgard). "

Comunità Odinista (Italy)[edit]

Established in 1994, the Comunità Odinista is an independent organization of Odinists in Italy.[citation needed]

Odinism in France (L'Odinisme)[edit]

Les Fils d'Odin (The Sons of Odin) are Odinists in France.[citation needed]

There is also an Odinic Rite Francophonie section dedicated to the French speakers .[116]

Wotanism (Lane)[edit]

Main article: Wotanism

David Lane (1938-2007)[117] founded a white nationalist form of Germanic neopaganism, which he called "Wotanism". In an essay entitled Wotanism (Odinism), Lane makes clear that he chose the name in contrast to the existing term Odinism,

"I first chose the name Wotanism over Odinism. First because W.O.T.A.N. makes a perfect acronym for Will Of The Aryan Nation. Secondly because he was called Wotan on the European continent and only called Odin in Scandinavia. Therefore Wotan appeals to the genetic memory of more of our ancestors. And finally because a split had to be made with the game players, deceivers and universalists who had usurped the name Odin."[118]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Stephan Grundy. The Cult of Ódinn: God of Death? The Troth, Inc. 2014 ISBN 1941136001 2014
  2. ^ See List of Germanic deities
  3. ^ H. M. Chadwick. The Cult of Othin: An Essay in the Ancient Religion of the North. Cambridge University Press. 2013.ISBN 110767719X
  4. ^ William A. Craigie. The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Leopold Classic Library 2015
  5. ^ Stephen A. McNallen. Asatru: A Native European Spirituality. Runestone Press. 2015. p. 2 ISBN 0972029257.
  6. ^ Asatru' - The Hidden Fortress by E. Max Hyatt (Edred Wodanson) - updated 2009 edition Wodanesdag Press ISBN 0973842326 and Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. Mandrake of Oxford.ISBN 1869928717
  7. ^ Mark Puryear.The Nature of Asatru, pages 111-112, The Norroena Society, 2006
  8. ^ Osred Jameson, Odinism, Present, Past and Future, page 4, Renewal Publications, 2010
  9. ^ Odinism: The Religion of Our Germanic Ancestors in the Modern World by Wyatt Kaldenberg. 2011. ISBN 1461003326, Folkish Odinism. by Wyatt Kaldenberg, 2013. ISBN 1492297348, and Casper Odinson Crowell, Mrs. Linda Crowell Vor Forn Sidr: (Our Ancient Religion) Vinland Kindred Publishing. 2012. ISBN 0985476001
  10. ^ Ingessunu, Wulf, ‘Wulf: The Collected Writings of an English Wodenist’, Black Front Press, 2014.
  11. ^ *Jeffrey Kaplan 1996. "The Reconstruction of the Asatru and Odinist Traditions." In Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft, edited by James R. Lewis, State University of New York Press.
  12. ^ Gregorius 2015, pp. 65–66. On heathen, Asatru forn sed Gregorius, Fredrik (2015). "Modern Heathenism in Sweden: A Case Study in the Creation of a Traditional Religion". In Kathryn Rountree. Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-78238-646-9.
  13. ^ The International Asatru-Odinic Alliance (1997-2002) was a religious association formed by the Asatru Alliance, the Asatru Folk Assembly, and the Odinic Rite in September 1997. It was meant to be an alliance of those Norse pagan organizations which took a "folkish" viewpoint at a time of strong sectarian conflicts with those they labeled "universalists."
  14. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. pp. 258-283.
  15. ^ Some Odinists use the word "heathen," but many reject the term. Stephen A. McNallen, an American Asatru leader, avoids "heathen" because in the "public mind" it means an "ignorant, superstitious, or uncouth person." Stephen A. McNallen. Asatru: A Native European Spirituality. Runestone Press. 2015. p. 2 ISBN 0972029257.
  16. ^ Likewise,Dr. Michael Strmiska, a pagan who studies the subject, made this observation: "recently I prefer Norse-Germanic Paganism as a catch-all term that covers all relevant bases and slights none."
  17. ^ The Works of Orestes A. Brownson: Containing the Second Part of the Political Writings, ed. Henry Francis Brownson, T. Nourse (1884), p. 257
  18. ^ Mills, A. Rudd. "The Call of Our Ancient Nordic Religion". Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2014. 
  19. ^ On the mythic image of the Nordic peoples, see John L. Greenway, The Golden Horns: Mythic Imagination and the Nordic Past. University of Georgia Press, 1977 ISBN 0820303844
  20. ^ English
  21. ^ Paul Acker and Carolyne Larrington, editors. The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology. Routledge. 2013 ISBN 0415653851
  22. ^ See also Debora Duss, "The Eddic Myrth between Academic and religious Interpretation," in Horst Junginger (Editor) and Andreas Åkerlund (Editor), Nordic Ideology between Religion and Scholarship, Publisher: Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2013, p. 73 ff. ISBN 3631644876
  23. ^ Wodanson, Edred (Hyatt, E. Max). Asatru: The Hidden Fortress. Wodanesdag Press (1995)ISBN 0973842326
  24. ^ Margaret Clunies Ross. A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. 2011 ISBN 1843842793
  25. ^ Jennifer Snook.American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 2015 p. ISBN 978-1-4399-1097-9.
  26. ^ Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. 6th ed. London: Mandrake of Oxford, 2014, pp. 27-32. ISBN 1906958637 .
  27. ^ ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. p. 157.
  28. ^ Mark Puryear. The Nature of Asatru: An Overview of the Ideals and Philosophy of the Indigenous Religion of Northern Europe. ISBN 0595389643, 2006
  29. ^ Osred Jameson. Odinism: Present, Past and Future. 2011. p. 37 ff. ISBN 1-4457-6816-X
  30. ^ Lois Bragg. Oedipus Borealis: The Aberrant Body in Old Icelandic Myth and Saga Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2004. pgs. 93ff, 116ff. ISBN 0838640281
  31. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. p. 156.
  32. ^ Stephen A. McNallen. Asatru: A Native European Spirituality. Runestone Press. 2015. p.252 ISBN 0972029257.
  33. ^ Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. 6th ed. London: Mandrake of Oxford, 2014, pp. 65, 69. ISBN 1906958637
  34. ^ In medieval times, the relationship between the devotee and the gods was also one of "friends." See B S Phillpotts. Edda and Saga Thornton Butterworth Ltd. 1931, p. 196.
  35. ^ Rudolf Simek. A Dictionary of Northern Mythology. BOYE6. 2008. ISBN 0859915131
  36. ^ Mikhail Ivanovich Steblin-Kamenskii. Myth: The Icelandic Sagas & Eddas, Karoma Pub, 1982. ISBN 0897200535
  37. ^ Kveldulf Gundarsson. Elves, Wights, and Trolls: Studies Towards the Practice of Germanic Heathenry. 2007 ISBN 0595421652
  38. ^ For a description of the rite of blood brotherhood, see the saga of Örvar-Oddr
  39. ^ Kris Kershaw. The One-eyed God: Odin and the (Indo-) Germanic Männerbünde (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 36). Publisher: Institute for the Study of Man (2000) Language: English ISBN 0941694747
  40. ^ Jarich G. Oosten. The War of the Gods: The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology Routledge Library Editions. ISBN 071020289X. p. 38.
  41. ^ Gardell, Mattias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. ISBN 0822330717, p. 155
  42. ^ Karen Bek-Pedersen. The Norns in Old Norse Mythology Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. 2013. ISBN 178046035X
  43. ^ see the Voluspa at http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe03.htm
  44. ^ Claude Lecouteux. The Return of the Dead: Ghosts, Ancestors, and the Transparent Veil of the Pagan Mind. 2009 p VIII. Inner Traditions. ISBN 1594773181
  45. ^ a b .Claude Lecouteux. The Return of the Dead: Ghosts, Ancestors, and the Transparent Veil of the Pagan Mind. 2009 p 152ff , p VIII. Inner Traditions. ISBN 1594773181
  46. ^ For an extensive discussion of Old Norse afterlife ideas, see Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson. The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. 2013. ISBN 110763234X.
  47. ^ For a modern Odinist perspective on afterlife beliefs, see Osred Jameson. Odinism: Present, Past and Future. 2011. p. 67 ff. ISBN 1-4457-6816-X
  48. ^ Hans-Peter Hasenfratz. Barbarian Rites: The Spiritual World of the Vikings and the Germanic Tribes. Inner Traditions, 2011 p. 23. ISBN 1594774218
  49. ^ Osred. Odinism: Present, Past and Future. 2011. p. 67 ff. ISBN 1-4457-6816-X
  50. ^ It is noteworthy that Sinfjötli, who dies from poison, also goes to Valhalla. Kveldulf Gundarsson. Our Troth. 2 vols. 2006 ISBN 1419635980 I:518
  51. ^ Bruce Lincoln. Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice. University Of Chicago Press. 1991 . ISBN 0226482006 .
  52. ^ Paul L. Acker (Editor), Carolyne Larrington (Editor) The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology Routledge.2001. p. 189 ISBN 0815316607
  53. ^ David Lane Victory Or Valhalla: The Final Compilation Of Writings 2008 ISBN 1438285817 p. 189ff
  54. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. p 155.
  55. ^ E.O.G. Turville-Petre. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Publisher: Praeger 1975 p. 275ff. ISBN 0837174201
  56. ^ Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. 6th edition. Mandrake of Oxford. 2014 ISBN 9781906958633p 107-108
  57. ^ Lawrence J. Hatab. Nietzsche's Life Sentence: Coming to Terms with Eternal Recurrence. New York: Routledge. 2005 ISBN 0-415-96758-9.
  58. ^ Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. 6th edition. Mandrake of Oxford. 2014 ISBN 9781906958633p 107-108, 165-166
  59. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. p. 157
  60. ^ see http://www.odinistfellowship.co.uk/
  61. ^ The 9 Noble Virtues - OR Site
  62. ^ Andrew Peter Fors. The Ethical World-Conception of the Norse People. Leopold Classic Library 2015
  63. ^ Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. sixth edition. Mandrake of Oxford. 2014. p. 99. ISBN 1906958637
  64. ^ Jaan Puhvel. Comparative Mythology. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. ISBN 0801834139, p. 191
  65. ^ Gardell, Mattias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. ISBN 0822330717, p. 158
  66. ^ Stubba. The Book of Blots 2014 ISBN 1312680725
  67. ^ Asatru Book of Blotar and Rituals: by the Asatru Folk Assembly ISBN 1466312653
  68. ^ Stephen A. McNallen. Asatru: A Native European Spirituality. Runestone Press. 2015. p. 9 ISBN 0972029257.
  69. ^ Osted Jameson, Odinism, Present, Past and Future, page 66, Renewal Publications, 2010
  70. ^ Jennifer Snook.American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 2015 p. 22 ISBN 978-1-4399-1097-9.
  71. ^ Gardell, Mattias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. ISBN 0822330717 p. 159
  72. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. p. 159.
  73. ^ "World's first modern-day pagan temple is in Newark". NewarkAdvertiser. 18 June 2015. 
  74. ^ Hof Project of the Architecture & Urban Design Bureau.
  75. ^ Asatru temple in Akranes?. Asatru _ News, Views and Musings from a 21st Century Heathen. 2003.
  76. ^ Blain & Wallis 2007, p. 140.
  77. ^ Blain & Wallis 2007, p. 178.
  78. ^ http://www.whitehorsestone.org/
  79. ^ George Waring, Ceramic Art in Remote Ages; John B. Day, London; 1874. p. 12
  80. ^ 5 articles linked on the importance of the Swastika within Odinism and another here [1], and here. Also see Ron McVan.Creed of Iron: Revised Updated Edition 1479159069
  81. ^ Osred Jameson. Odinism: Present, Past and Future, 2010. Page 192. ISBN 978-1-4457-6816-8
  82. ^ J. Gordon Melton. Encyclopedia of American Religions, 8th edition, Gale Cengage (2009), ISBN 0-7876-9696-X, pp. 861f
  83. ^ On Odinism and Asatru and race, see Stephanie v. Schnurbein, "The Use of Themes of Religion in Contemorary Asatru," in Horst Junginger (Editor) and Andreas Åkerlund (Editor), Nordic Ideology between Religion and Scholarship, Publisher: Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2013, p. 225ff ISBN 3631644876
  84. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. p. 152.
  85. ^ http://www.odinic-rite.org/ODINISM%20-%20a%20way%20of%20life%20uk.pdf
  86. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. (Paperback, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4.) p. 257.
  87. ^ Casper Odinson Crowell and Mrs. Linda Crowell, Vor Forn Sidr: (Our Ancient Religion) Vinland Kindred Publishing. 2012. ISBN 0985476001
  88. ^ http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2015/11/13/3721890/white-supremacy-odinism/
  89. ^ Pagan Resurrection by Richard Rudgley(2006)p.240
  90. ^ www.odinist.nl
  91. ^ odinicriteofaustralia.wordpress.com
  92. ^ asatru-online.de; the organization does not now identify as "Odinist", instead describing its religion as Germanisches Heidentum (German for "Germanic paganism") while recognizing Asatru as "designation or short form for the renewal of Germanic paganism in widespread use today" (wird heute weithin als Bezeichnung oder Kurzform für das erneuerte germanische Heidentum verwendet).
  93. ^ Jøn, A. Asbjørn (1999). "'Skeggold, skalmold; vindold, vergold' - Alexander Rud Mills and the Asatru faith in the New Age". Australian Religion Studies Review (University of Sydney) (12): 77–83. Retrieved 30 October 2015. 
  94. ^ The Creed may be read at: Odinist Creed
  95. ^ a b Jameson, Osted: Odinism, Present, Past and Future, page 204-5, Renewal Publications, 2010
  96. ^ Notice concerning the Odinic Rite absorbing the US Odinist Fellowship after Christensen's retirement
  97. ^ http://odinistfellowship.com/
  98. ^ Charity Registration for the UK Odinist Fellowship
  99. ^ See http://www.odinistfellowship.co.uk/
  100. ^ Mark Mirabello. The Odin Brotherhood. 6th edition, Oxford: Mandrake of Oxford, 2014, ISBN 1-906958-63-7
  101. ^ a b Stephen E. Adkins. Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism in Modern American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 172. ISBN 1-59884-350-8
  102. ^ Michael Streeter. Behind Closed Doors: The Power and Influence of Secret Societies. New Holland Publishers Uk Ltd. 2008. pgs 143-5, 258. ISBN 1-84537-937-3
  103. ^ Jeffrey Kaplan. Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-8156-0396-7 footnote 26 in page 196
  104. ^ Charlotte Hardman and Graham Harvey. Paganism Today: Wiccans, Druids, the Goddess and Ancient Earth Traditions for the Twenty-First Century. Thorsons. 1995. p. 43. ISBN 0-7225-3233-4
  105. ^ Odin Brotherhood - Home
  106. ^ The ODIN BROTHERHOOD: A Pagan Secret Society - Index page
  107. ^ See Author Web Site for The Way of the Odin Brotherhood
  108. ^ a b Jack Wolf . The Way of the Odin Brotherhood. Mandrake of Oxford. 2013. ISBN 978-1-906958-53-4
  109. ^ Jack Wolf. The Way of the Odin Brotherhood
  110. ^ Comunidad Odinista de España-Asatru
  111. ^ asatru.es.
  112. ^ * Ernust García (2015),Encuentro con Odin: Un Ensayo Sobre el Destino, Biblioteca de Estudios Odinistas, ISBN 978-1-5085-4474-6 (Spanish)
  113. ^ Register of the minority religions of the Spanish Ministry of Justice
  114. ^ Orígenes del Rito Odinista de Argentina | Rito Odinista de Argentina
  115. ^ Mattias Gardell. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism Duke University Press Books, 2003, p. 244ff.
  116. ^ http://www.odinic-rite.org/francophonie/
  117. ^ For his complete works, see David Lane, Victory Or Valhalla: The Final Compilation Of Writings By David Lane. 2008 ISBN 1438285817
  118. ^ online copy at mourningtheancient.com

External links[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Craigie, W.A. The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. BiblioBazaar. 2009. ISBN 1110305206
  • Davidson, H.R. Ellis.Gods and Myths of Northern Europe Penguin Books, 1965. ISBN 0140136274
  • Gardell, Mattias. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. 2003. ISBN 0822330717
  • Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. (Paperback, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4.)
  • Hasenfratz, Hans-Peter. Barbarian Rites: The Spiritual World of the Vikings and the Germanic Tribes. Inner Traditions; Reprint edition, 2011. ISBN 9781594774218
  • Ifreann, Faolchú. Odin's Chosen: A Handbook of Ásatrú Asphodel Press, 2015. ISBN 1938197143.
  • Jameson, Osred. Odinism: Present, Past And Future 2011. ISBN 144576816X
  • Jung, Carl G. "Wotan". 1936. In Jung, Carl G. (1970); Collected Works, Volume 10; Routledge & Kegan Paul, London; ISBN 0-7100-1640-9; pp. 190–91.
  • MacCulloch, J.A. The Celtic and Scandinavian Religions 2005 Cosimo Classics ISBN 1596054166
  • Mirabello, Mark. The Odin Brotherhood. 6th edition, Oxford: Mandrake of Oxford, 2014. ISBN 1906958637
  • Rommel, Gundula E. Asgard in America: Inventing European Ethnic Identity in a Post-Industrial Pluralist Culture, 2011, ISBN 978-3-640-94603-7.
  • Simek, Rudolf (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. translated by Angela Hall. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1.
  • Stubba. The Book of Blots. 2014. ISBN 1312680725.
  • Wodanson, Edred (Hyatt, E. Max). Asatru: The Hidden Fortress. Wodanesdag Press (1995)ISBN 0973842326
  • Wolf, Jack. The Way of the Odin Brotherhood. Mandrake of Oxford. 2013. ISBN 190695853X
  • Wulfstan. (Eden, Philip) Odinism in the Modern World. Odinic Rite, 2007. ISBN 0955881404

Notable Organizations (Odinism and Ásatrú)[edit]

Further information: List of Neopagan movements