Helluland
Helluland is the name given to one of the three lands seen by Bjarni Herjólfsson, encountered by Leif Ericson and further explored by Þorfinnr "Karlsefni" Þórðarson around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America.[1]
Contents
Location[edit]
Scholarly opinion[edit]
The Icelandic Saga of Erik the Red and the Greenland Saga characterized Helluland as a land of flat stones (Old Norse: hella). According to a 2012 article by Jónas Kristjánsson et al., most scholars agree that Helluland corresponds to Baffin Island in the present-day Canadian territory of Nunavut.[2]
In ancient Icelandic scholarship[edit]
According to a footnote in Arthur Middleton Reeves's The Norse Discovery of America (1906), "the whole of the northern coast of America, west of Greenland, was called by the ancient Icelandic geographers Helluland it Mikla, or Great Helluland; and the island of Newfoundland simply Helluland, or Litla Helluland."[3]
According to the Sagas[edit]
Helluland was the first of three lands in North America visited by Eriksson. He decided against trying to settle there because he found the land inhospitable. He continued south to Markland (probably Labrador) and Vinland (possibly Newfoundland[4]).
According to the Saga of Erik the Red,
"They sailed away from land; then to the Western Settlement and to Bjarneyjar (the Bear Islands). Thence they sailed away from Bjarneyjar with northerly winds. They were out at sea two half-days. Then they came to land, and rowed along it in boats, and explored it, and found there flat stones, many and so great that two men might well lie on them stretched on their backs with heel to heel. Polar-foxes were there in abundance. This land they gave name to, and called it Helluland."[5] [the land of flat stones]
Contact with other cultures[edit]
From the testimony of the sagas, the Norse explorers probably made contact with the native Dorset culture of the region, people whom the sagas term skrælings.[citation needed] Historians[who?] suggest the contact had no major cultural ramifications for either side.
Patricia Sutherland of the National Geographic originally found yarn of Viking construction in area museums which led her to explore in depth the potential of Vikings on Baffin Island. Going back to the island in 2012 she and her team uncovered numerous artifacts, such as tools, nails, Dorset carvings with Caucasian features, indicating that the Vikings were on Baffin and likely had an established trading relationship with the Dorset natives in the area.
Taken together with her earlier discoveries, Sutherland's new findings further strengthen the case for a Viking camp on Baffin Island. "While her evidence was compelling before, I find it convincing now," said James Tuck, professor emeritus of archaeology, ... at Memorial University." [6]
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
- ^ National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Center. Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga.
- ^ Jónas Kristjánsson et al. (2012) "Falling into Vínland", Acta Archeologica 83, pp. 145-177
- ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/nda20.htm
- ^ "Is L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland?". L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. 2003. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en
- ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/
External links[edit]
- "Markland and Helluland Archaeology", National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
- "The Helluland Archaeology Project", The Canadian Museum of Civilization
