Close-mid back rounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Close-mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| o | |
| IPA number | 307 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | o |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006F |
| X-SAMPA | o |
| Kirshenbaum | o |
| Braille |  |
| Sound | |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2015) |
The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Contents
Features[edit]
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- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[1] | Botha | [ˈböˑtɐ] | 'Botha' | Near-back. Allophone of /oə/ in less stressed words, in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words and in word-finally when unstressed. In the second case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [öə̯ ~ ö̯ə ~ öə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Egyptian | بؤ | [boʔ] | 'mouth' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | hoga | [hoːga] | 'steam' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | [example needed] | |||
| Bulgarian | уста | [os̪ˈt̪a] | 'mouth' | See Bulgarian language | |
| Catalan[3] | sóc | [sok] | 'I am' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 高/gou1 | [kou] | 'tall' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Wu | 花 | [ho] | 'flower' | ||
| Czech | oko | [ˈoko] | 'eye' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[4][5][6][7][8] | kone | [ˈkʰoːnə] | 'wife' | See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[9] | kool | [koːɫ] (help·info) |
'cabbage' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [oʊ]. See Dutch phonology |
| Northeastern | |||||
| Standard Netherlandic |
|||||
| Leuven | maken | [ˈmoːkə] | 'make' | Corresponds to /aː/ in standard Dutch. | |
| English | Australian[10] | yawn | [joːn] | 'yawn' | See Australian English phonology |
| Cockney[11] | In non-final position it can also be a diphthong like [oʊ] or [ɔo]. Word finally it's [ɔː]~[ɔə]~[ɔwə]. | ||||
| New Zealand[12] | |||||
| South African[13] | General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. | ||||
| General Indian[14] | go | [ɡoː] | 'go' | ||
| General Pakistani[15] | Varies between [oː~əʊ~ʊ]. | ||||
| Multicultural London[16] | |||||
| Scottish[17] | |||||
| Singaporean[18] | |||||
| Faroese | tosa | [ˈtoːsa] | 'speak' | ||
| French[19] | réseau | [ʁeˈzo] (help·info) |
'net' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[20] | oder | [ˈʔoːdɐ] (help·info) |
'or' | See German phonology |
| Hindustani | दो/دو | [d̪oː] (help·info) |
'two' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | kór | [koːr] | 'disease' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[21] | foro | [ˈfoːro] | 'hole' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kaingang[22] | [pɪˈpo] | 'toad' | |||
| Korean | 보수/bosu | [ˈpoːsu] | 'salary' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Most dialects[23][24][25] | hoof | [ɦoːf] | 'garden' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Rural Weerts[26] | koke | [ˈkoːkə] | 'to cook' | Corresponds to /uə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /oː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /oə/.[27] | |
| Luxembourgish[28] | Sonn | [zon] | 'sun' | ||
| Marathi | गोड | [ɡoɖ] | 'sweet' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | Stavangersk[29] | lov | [lo̟ːʋ] | 'law' | Somewhat fronted.[29] See Norwegian phonology |
| Polish | jojo | [ˈjojɔ] | 'yo-yo' | Allophone of /ɔ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[30] | dois | [d̪ojʃ] | 'two' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਹੋਰ | [ɦoːɾ] (help·info) |
'more' | ||
| Shiwiar[31] | [example needed] | Allophone of /a/.[31] | |||
| Silesian | Ślůnsk | [ˈɕlonsk] | 'Silesia' | ||
| Slovak | Some speakers[32] | telefón | [ˈt̻e̞l̺e̞foːn̺] | 'telephone' | Realization of /oː/ reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid [o̞ː] in standard Slovak.[32] See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | åka | [ˈoːka] (help·info) |
'travel' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | мотузка | [moˈtuzkɑ] | 'rope' | Unstressed allophone of /ɔ/ before stressed syllables with /u/. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | tô | [toː] | 'bowl' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | bok | [bok] | 'billy-goat' | ||
| Yoruba[33] | [example needed] | ||||
References[edit]
- ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 119.
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ Grønnum (2003)
- ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Wells (1982a:311)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Lass (2002:116)
- ^ Wells (1982b:626)
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1009)
- ^ Gimson (2014:91)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Deterding (2000)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:17)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988:92)
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
Bibliography[edit]
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
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- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies) 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685
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- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
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