Near-close near-back vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Near-close near-back vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʊ | |||
| IPA number | 321 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʊ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+028A | ||
| X-SAMPA | U |
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| Kirshenbaum | U |
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| Braille |  |
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| Sound | |||
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The near-close near-back vowel, or near-high near-back vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol for the near-close near-back rounded vowel is ⟨ʊ⟩. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ɷ⟩, called "closed omega"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U) is used.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Some languages may have a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, which can be represented with ⟨ɯ̽⟩ or ⟨ʊ̜⟩ in the IPA, or sometimes with the old convention of ⟨ω⟩.[1] A near-close near-back compressed vowel can be transcribed ⟨ʊᵝ⟩.
Contents
Near-close near-back rounded vowel[edit]
Features[edit]
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-back, also known as back-central or centralized back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.
- It's rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence[edit]
In the following transcriptions, a back rounded vowel is represented by the "retracted" diacritic [ʊ̠]:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Cantonese | 紅/hung4 | [hʊŋ˨˩] | 'red' | Can be realized as [o̞] instead. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 紅/hóng | [xʊŋ˧˥] | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Danish | Standard[2] | have | [ˈhɛːʊ] | 'garden' | Assimilatory variant of [ʊ̯ə] (phonemically /ʋə/.)[2] May be realized the same as short [o].[2] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[3] | ug | [ʊx] | 'you' | See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Australian[4] | hook | [hʊk] | 'hook' | Also described as close back [u].[5] See Australian English phonology |
| Cockney[6] | [ʊʔk] | Sometimes fronted to [ʊ̈].[6] | |||
| Conservative RP | [hʊʔk] | Often lowered and centralized to [ɵ], or unrounded to [ɘ]. See English phonology | |||
| Multicultural London[7] | May be front [ʏ] instead.[7] | ||||
| Hindustani | गुलाब/گلاب | [gʊˈläːb] | 'rose' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Faroese | hvalur | [kvɛalʊɹ] | 'whale' | ||
| French | Quebec | foule | [fʊl] | 'crowd' | Allophone of /u/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[8] | Schurf | [ʃʊˤːf] | 'blight' | Pharyngealized; may be realized as [ʊːɒ̯] instead.[8] See Chemnitz dialect phonology |
| Southern Bernese | [example needed] | Corresponds to [ɔu̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | |||
| Standard[9][10] | Stunde | [ˈʃtʊndə] (help·info) |
'hour' | See German phonology | |
| Irish | Munster[11] | dubh | [d̪ˠɰʊvˠ] | 'black' | Allophone of /ʊ/ between broad consonants.[11] See Irish phonology |
| Kaingang[12] | [kʊˈtu] | 'deaf' | Atonic allophone of /u/ and /o/.[13] | ||
| Korean[14] | 구리 /guri | [kʊ̠ɾi] | 'copper' | Fully back;[14] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨u⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[15] | [example needed] | Used only by older speakers.[15] | ||
| Luxembourgish[16] | Sprooch | [ʃpʀʊ̠ːχ] | 'language' | Fully back. May be transcribed /oː/. | |
| Mongolian[17] | ус | [ʊs] | 'water' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[18] | ond | [ʊn̪] | 'bad' | May be transcribed /u/. See Norwegian phonology |
| Piedmontese | Torton-a | [tʊrˈtʊŋa] | 'Tortona' | ||
| Portuguese | Brazilian[19] | bonito | [bʊˈn̠ʲit̪ʊ̥] | 'handsome' | Corresponds to unstressed [u ~ o̞] in Brazil and /u/ in other national variants. |
| Punjabi | ਪੁਦੀਨਾ | [pʊˈd̪iːnäː] | 'mint' | ||
| Russian[20] | сухой | [s̪ʊˈxo̞j] (help·info) |
'dry' | Unstressed allophone of /u/. See Russian phonology | |
| Shiwiar[21] | [example needed] | Allophone of /u/.[21] | |||
| Slovak[22][23][24] | ruka | [ˈrʊkä] | 'arm' | Backness varies between back and near-back.[22] See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[25] | tus | [t̪ʊ̠ː] | 'your' (pl.) | Fully back. Corresponds to [u] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[25] | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[26] | ort | [ʊ̠ᵝʈː] (help·info) |
'locality' | Retracted and exolabial (compressed). See Swedish phonology |
| Turkish[27] | buzlu | [buz̪ˈl̠ʊ] | 'icy' | Allophone of /u/ described variously as "word-final"[27] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[28] See Turkish phonology | |
| Yoruba[29] | [example needed] | Near-back or fully back; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ũ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ũ̟ ~ ũ] instead.[29] | |||
Near-close near-back unrounded vowel[edit]
| Near-close near-back unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɯ̽ | |
| ʊ̜ |
The near-close near-back unrounded vowel does not occur very often in world's languages, and the only languages in which it is phonemic are Korean and Portuguese (the European variety).
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-back, also known as back-central or centralized back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | California[30] | hook | [hɯ̽k] | 'hook' | Often pronounced with spread lips.[30] |
| Irish | Ulster[31] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ɪ/.[31] | ||
| Korean[14] | 어른/eoreun | [ɘːɾɯ̽n] | 'seniors' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɯ⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Mirandese | cebada | [s̪ɯ̽ˈβ̞äð̞ə] | 'barley' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɨ⟩. | |
| Portuguese | European[32] | pegar | [pɯ̽ˈɣäɾ] | 'to hold' | Unstressed vowel;[32] most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɨ⟩ or ⟨ə⟩. See Portuguese phonology |
| Tatar | [example needed] | ||||
| Turkish | acı | [äˈd͡ʒɯ̽] | 'spicy' | Allophone of /ɯ/ in final open syllable of a phrase. See Turkish phonology | |
References[edit]
- ^ e.g. John C. Wells (1982) Accents of English
- ^ a b c Basbøll (2005:58)
- ^ Peters (2010:241)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:344)
- ^ a b Mott (2011:75)
- ^ a b Gimson (2014:91)
- ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013:237)
- ^ Kohler (1999:87)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- ^ a b c Lee (1999:121)
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:69)
- ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ^ Mistrík (1988:13)
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ^ a b Ladefoged (1999:42–43)
- ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
Bibliography[edit]
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Mistrík, Jozef (1988) [First published 1982], A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak (2nd ed.), Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
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- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
