Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants

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For consonants followed by superscript ˡ, see Lateral release (phonetics).
Alveolar lateral approximant
l
IPA number 155
Encoding
Entity (decimal) l
Unicode (hex) U+006C
X-SAMPA l
Kirshenbaum l
Braille ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
Sound
Postalveolar lateral approximant
l̠
Dental lateral approximant
l̪

The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.

As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, /l̥/, are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language contrasts such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ].

In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized in certain contexts, a sound often called "dark l". Some languages, like many North American dialects of English may not have a "clear" /l/ at all.

Features[edit]

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
  • There are four specific variants of [l]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars (such as Bulgarian, which has both), laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages which have it, as in English health.

Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Gulf[1]  ? [l̪eːn] 'when' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Hungarian[2] elem [ˈɛl̪ɛm] 'battery' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology
Italian[3][4][5] molto [ˈmol̪ːt̪o] 'much, a lot' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/.[3][4][5] See Italian phonology
Macedonian[6] лево [l̪e̞vo̞] 'left' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology
Mapudungun[7] ḻafkeṉ [l̪ɐ̝fkën̪] 'sea, lake' Interdental.[7]
Swedish Central Standard[8] allt [äl̪t̪] 'everything' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Tamil[9] புலி [pul̪i] 'tiger' See Tamil phonology
Uzbek[10] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme.[10]
Vietnamese Hanoi[11] lửa [l̪ɨə˧˩˧] 'fire' See Vietnamese phonology

Alveolar[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Standard[12] لا [laː] 'no' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[13] լուսին About this sound [lusin] (help·info) 'moon'
Catalan[14][15] tela [ˈt̪ɛlə] 'fabric' Apical 'front alveolar'.[14][15] May also be velarized.[16] See Catalan phonology
English Most speakers let [lɛt] 'let' See English phonology
New York[17] Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[17]
Italian[3][18][19] letto [ˈlɛt̪ːo] 'bed' Apical.[4] See Italian phonology
Kashubian[20] [example needed]
Kyrgyz[21] көпөлөк [køpøˈløk] 'butterfly' Velarized in back vowel contexts
Mapudungun[7] elun [ëˈlʊn] 'to give'
Polish[22] pole About this sound [ˈpɔlɛ] (help·info) 'field' Contrasts with /ɫ/ for a small number of speakers; when it does, it is always palatalized [lʲ]. See Polish phonology
Romanian[23] alună [äˈlun̪ə] 'hazelnut' Apical. See Romanian phonology
Slovak[24] mĺkvy About this sound [ˈml̩ːkʋi] (help·info) 'silent' Syllabic form can be long or short
Slovene[25] letalo [lɛˈt̪àːlɔ] 'airplane'
Spanish[26] hablar [äˈβ̞läɾ] 'to speak' See Spanish phonology
Ukrainian[27] обличчя [oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ] 'face' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology

Postalveolar[edit]

See also: Retroflex lateral approximant
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Italian[4] il cervo [il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo] 'the deer' Palatalized laminal; allophone of /l/ before /ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/.[4] See Italian phonology
Turkish[28][29] lale About this sound [l̠ʲäːˈl̠ʲɛ] (help·info) 'tulip' Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral [ɫ̪].[28][29] See Turkish phonology

Variable[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
French[30] il [il] 'he' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.[30] See French phonology
German Standard[31] Liebe [ˈliːbə] 'love' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[31] See Standard German phonology
Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[32][33] lero-lero [ˈlɛɾu ˈlɛɾu] 'runaround'[34] Dental to sometimes alveolar. Always co-articulated in other dialects.[35] See Portuguese phonology

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [edit]

Dark L
lˠ
lˤ
ɫ
IPA number 209
Encoding
Entity (decimal) l​ˠ
Unicode (hex) U+006C U+02E0
X-SAMPA 5 or l_G or l_?\
Kirshenbaum l<vzd>
Sound

The velarized alveolar lateral approximant (dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩ – which covers both velarization and pharyngealization – is perhaps more common. If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate that: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar, while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[36]

Features[edit]

Features of the dark l:

Occurrence[edit]

Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Belarusian[37] Беларусь [bʲɛɫ̪äˈrus̪ʲ] 'Belarus' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Catalan[16][38] altres [ˈaɫ̪t̪ɾəs̺] 'others' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t d/.[38] See Catalan phonology
Icelandic[39] sigldi [s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ] 'sailed' Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology
Lithuanian[40] labas [ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪] 'hi' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with [lʲ]
Macedonian[41] лук
luk		 [ɫ̪uk] 'garlic' Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (/a o u/) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Southeastern[40] tale [ˈt̪ʰɑ̈ːɫ̪ə] 'speech, to speak' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ after /ɑ ɑː ɔ oː/. See Norwegian phonology
Polish Eastern dialects[22] łapa [ˈɫ̪äpä] 'paw' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to /w/ in standard Polish. See Polish phonology
Russian[42] малый [ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j] 'small' Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[43] Mallaig [ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ] 'Mallaig' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Turkish[28][29] lala [ɫ̪äˈɫ̪ä] 'servant' Laminal denti-alveolar.[29] Contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral [l̠].[28][29] See Turkish phonology

Alveolar[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[44][45] tafel [ˈtɑːfəɫ] 'table' Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.[44][45] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard[46] الله ʼAllah [ʔɑˈɫːɑːh] 'God' Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce [l]. See Arabic phonology
Catalan[16] Eastern dialects cel·la [ˈsɛɫːə] 'cell' Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology
Western dialects alt [aɫ(t)] 'tall'
Dutch[47][48][49] bal [bɑɫ] 'ball' Postvocalic allophone of /l/. Pharyngealised. Can be always dark in some Netherlandic dialects. See Dutch phonology
English[50] Australian feel About this sound  [fiːɫ] (help·info) 'feel' Most often apical. Can be always dark in North America, Australia and New Zealand. See English phonology
Canadian
Dublin
General American
New Zealand
Received Pronunciation
South African
Scottish loch [ɫɔx] 'loch' Can be always dark, except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic
Greek Northern dialects[51] μπάλα bálla [ˈbaɫa] 'ball' Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See Modern Greek phonology
Romanian Bessarabian dialect[52] cal [kaɫ] 'horse' Corresponds to non-velarized l[in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[53] лак / lak [ɫâ̠k] 'easy' Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with /ʎ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Uzbek[10] [example needed] Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.[10]

Variable [edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Portuguese European[54] mil [miɫ̪] 'thousand' When [lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ],[55] most often dental. Coda is now vocalized to [u̯ ~ ʊ̯] in most of Brazil (as in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).[56] Stigmatized realizations such as [ɾ ~ ɽ ~ ɻ], the /ʁ/ range, [j] and even [∅] (zero) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.[57] Might be always dental, and always dark (especially before back/rounded and close/unrounded vowels) in most dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[58] Lituânia About this sound [ɫ̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ] (help·info) 'Lithuania'
Older and conservative Brazilian[59][60][61][62] álcool [ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪] 'alcohol, ethanol'

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 14.
  2. ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000:75–76)
  3. ^ a b c Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  4. ^ a b c d e Canepari (1992:89)
  5. ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:133)
  6. ^ Lunt (1952:1)
  7. ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013:88–89)
  8. ^ Engstrand (2004:167)
  9. ^ Keane (2004:111)
  10. ^ a b c d Sjoberg (1963:13)
  11. ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
  12. ^ Thelwall (1990:38)
  13. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
  14. ^ a b Wheeler (2005:10–11)
  15. ^ a b "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | Els Sons del Català". 
    "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | Els Sons del Català". 
  16. ^ a b c Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1 and 20)
  17. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
  18. ^ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:132)
  19. ^ Canepari (1992:88–89)
  20. ^ http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/
  21. ^ Kara (2003:11)
  22. ^ a b Rocławski (1976:130)
  23. ^ Chițoran (2001:10)
  24. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  25. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  26. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  27. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:10)
  28. ^ a b c d Zimmer & Orgun (1999:154–155)
  29. ^ a b c d e Göksel & Kerslake (2005:8)
  30. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
  31. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 49.
  32. ^ Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza. Page 2. (Portuguese)
  33. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
  34. ^ Runaround generator
  35. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  36. ^ a b Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
  37. ^ Padluzhny (1989:50–51)
  38. ^ a b Rafel (1999:14)
  39. ^ Scholten (2000:22)
  40. ^ a b Mathiassen (1996:23)
  41. ^ Lunt (1952:11–12)
  42. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:168)
  43. ^ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
  44. ^ a b Donaldson (1993), p. 17.
  45. ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 117.
  46. ^ Watson (2002:16)
  47. ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
  48. ^ Booij, Geert. 1999. The Phonology of Dutch. P.8
  49. ^ http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf
  50. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
  51. ^ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
  52. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  53. ^ Gick et al. (2006:?)
  54. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:93)
  55. ^ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 52.
  56. ^ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
  57. ^ Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.
  58. ^ (Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition
  59. ^ (Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
  60. ^ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
  61. ^ Bisol (2005:211)
  62. ^ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Portuguese). Page 49.

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