Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Native speakers	(no data)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
	Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres Valdres Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.^[a]

Phonology[edit]

/rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])^[4] "the bar".^[5]^[b]
/rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].^[5]
The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.^[7]
The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.^[8] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].^[9]
The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],^[10]^[11] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].^[9]
The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.^[12]^[13]^[14]
The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].^[13]

The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.^[15]^[16]
The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].^[7]^[17]^[18] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].^[7]
Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].^[19]
The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.^[19]
Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].^[20]
The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)^[20] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.^[7]^[8]

Personal pronouns^[23]^[24]^[c]
Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Dative case	Possessive
				Feminine				Masculine				Neuter
				Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative
				Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
1st p. sg.	[eː]	[meː]	[meː]	[miː]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪn]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪt]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]
2nd person sg.	[dʉː]	[deː]	[deː]	[diː]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪn]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪt]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]
3rd p. sg. f.	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),^[g] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs]^[h]
3rd p. sg. m.	[han], [n]	[han], [n]	[huːnu], [u]	[has]
3rd p. sg. n.	[dɛ]	[dɛ]	[di]	[siː]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪn]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪt]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]
1st p. pl.	[meː], [mɞː]^[i]	[ʉs], [ɞs]^[j]	[ʉs], [ɞs]^[j]	[voːr]				[voʈ]		[ˈvoːˈre]^[k]					[ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl.	[deː], [dɞː]^[i]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]^[l]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]^[l]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]^[l]
3rd p. pl	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres]^[j]

^ The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,^[2] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.^[3]
^ It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.^[6]^[5]
^ ^a ^b The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Only used in Valdres.^[22]
^ ^a ^b Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.^[22]
^ ^a ^b Only used in Hallingdal.^[22]
^ These forms are used interchangeably,^[25] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.^[26]
^ Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.^[25]
^ ^a ^b Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.^[25]
^ ^a ^b ^c Only used in Sør-Aurdal.^[25]
^ In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.^[27]
^ ^a ^b ^c Only used in Hol and Ål.^[28]

^ The sources for this article do not contain any information regarding the number of native speakers.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
^ Jahr 1990, p. 57.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jahr 1990, p. 58.
^ ^a ^b Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b Venås 1977, p. 36.
^ Ross 1907, p. 20.
^ Venås 1977, p. 16.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
^ ^a ^b Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
^ Venås 1977, p. 48.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
^ Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
^ Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b Kvåle 1997, p. 15.
^ ^a ^b Jahr 1990, p. 56.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ross 1907, p. 22.
^ Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
^ Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
^ Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
^ Kvåle 1997, p. 34.
^ Venås 1977, p. 129.