Bruce Nuclear Generating Station

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bruce Nuclear Generating Station
Bruce-Nuclear-Szmurlo.jpg
Bruce B Nuclear Generating Station
Bruce Nuclear Generating Station is located in Ontario
Bruce Nuclear Generating Station
Location of Bruce Nuclear Generating Station in Canada Ontario
Country Canada
Location Kincardine, Bruce County, Ontario
Coordinates 44°19′31″N 81°35′58″W / 44.32528°N 81.59944°W / 44.32528; -81.59944Coordinates: 44°19′31″N 81°35′58″W / 44.32528°N 81.59944°W / 44.32528; -81.59944
Status Operational
Construction began 1970–1987
Commission date 1977
Construction cost $14.4 billion CAD
Owner(s) Ontario Power Generation (OPG)
Operator(s) Bruce Power
Nuclear power station
Reactor type CANDU, Advanced CANDU reactors proposed
Power generation
Units operational 8 total:
2 x 772 MW (A 1-2)
2 x 730 MW (A 3-4)
4 x 817 MW (B 1-4)
Units planned 0
Units decommissioned 1 (Douglas Point)
Nameplate capacity 6,232 MW
Annual generation 45,000 GWh[1]
Website
Bruce Power

Bruce Nuclear Generating Station is a Canadian nuclear power station located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, in the communities of Inverhuron and Tiverton, Ontario. It occupies 932 ha (2300 acres) of land.[2] The facility derives its name from Bruce County in which it is located, in the former Bruce Township. It is the largest nuclear generating station in the world by total reactor count, and number of operational reactors.

Formerly known as the Bruce Nuclear Power Development (BNPD),[2] the facility was constructed in stages between 1970 and 1987 by the provincial Crown corporation, Ontario Hydro. In April 1999 Ontario Hydro was split into 5 component Crown corporations with Ontario Power Generation (OPG) taking over all electrical generating stations. In June 2000, OPG entered into a long term lease agreement with private sector consortium Bruce Power to take over operation of the Bruce station. In May 2001, Bruce Power began operations. The lease is for 18 years (until 2019) with an option to extend a further 25 years (to 2044).[3]

The Bruce station is the largest nuclear facility in the world (the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa in Japan is larger but not currently operating),[4][5][6] comprising 8 CANDU nuclear reactors having a total output of 6,272 MW and 7,276 MW (net) when all units are online. The Bruce station has three double-circuit 500 kV transmission lines going out of it to feed the major load centres in southern Ontario, in addition to three double-circuit 230 kV lines serving the local area.[7]

The station is the largest employer in Bruce County, with 3800 workers.

In November 2009, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission renewed Bruce Power’s operating licences for 5 years (until 2014), as well as giving permission to refuel units 1 and 2.[8] In May 2014, the CNSC extended the license to May 2015. Public hearings are tentatively schedule for early 2015 in Ottawa and Kincardine.[9] A new operating license has been granted for June 1, 2015 to May 31, 2020. [10]

Description[edit]

The eight reactors are arranged into two plants (A and B) of four reactors. Each reactor is within a reinforced concrete containment, with eight steam generators. The steam generators are 12 m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes each. Reactors share fuelling machines which travel in a duct traversing the entire plant. The duct is cut through solid rock beneath the reactors, and doubles as part of the pressure relief system, connected to the vacuum building.[11] Each reactor has its own turbine generator set, with one high pressure turbine and three low pressure turbines driving one generator.[12][13] The turbine hall (about 400 m long) at each plant houses the four turbine generator sets. Cooling water is taken from Lake Huron.[3] There is (originally) one control room per 4 reactors.

Bruce A, from across Baie Du Dor

Bruce A[edit]

  • BRUCE A 1
    • plant construction begins 1969[12]
    • construction of Bruce-1 begins 1 June 1971 (Bruce-2 work started first)[14]
    • first criticality 17 December 1976[14]
    • in service 1 September 1977 (about 8 years to build)
    • out of service December 1997 (after about 20 years);
    • refurbished starting in December 2010 (idle 13 years)
    • operation resumed in September 2012[15]
    • expected retirement 2043
  • BRUCE A 2
    • construction begins 1 December 1970[14]
    • first criticality 27 July 1976[14]
    • first electricity generated 4 September 1976[14]
    • in service 1 September 1977[14]
    • out of service October 1995 (after approx. 18 years)
    • operation resumed October 2012[15] (after 17 years idle, unit is 42 years old)
    • expected retirement 2043 (73 years after construction start)
  • BRUCE A 3
    • construction start 1 July 1972[14]
    • in service 1978
    • out of service April 1998
    • returned to service March 2004
    • limited to 92.5% of power[3]
    • planned refurbishment to begin 2019[16]
  • BRUCE A 4
    • construction start 1 September 1972[14]
    • in service 1979
    • out of service January 1998
    • returned to service November 2003
    • planned refurbishment to begin 2016[16]

Construction of Bruce A began in 1969, making it the successor to the Pickering A plant.

Bruce A units are rated at 750 MW of electricity net, and 805 MW gross.[17] Another source gives the figures of 769 MW and 825 MW.[3] Each reactor requires 6240 fuel bundles that weigh 22.5 kg each, or about 140 tonnes of fuel. There are 480 fuel channels per reactor, containing 13 bundles each. There is storage capacity for about 23000 bundles. About 16 bundles are discharged per reactor per day.

The Bruce A steam generators have a separate, horizontal steam drum (one steam drum common to four steam generators). This design had been dropped in most other plants at the time. Issues related to the (AECL requested) design of the tube supports caused repair and delay costs which exceeded the net worth of the builder Babcock & Wilcox Canada.[18]

Bruce A reactors uses unique booster rods to control reactivity. Booster rods contain 93% uranium-235, and are inserted to overcome xenon poisoning. Bruce B and all other Ontario Hydro reactors use absorber rods called adjusters that are normally in and are removed to overcome xenon poisoning.[19]

Bruce A demonstrated an "excellent" early operating history. Together with Pickering A, the eight units achieved an overall average capability factor of 83% over the initial five-year period.[20] In 1982, Unit 3 set a (then) world record of 494 days of continuous operation. Bruce A was the most reliable multi-unit station in the world in 1984.[21]

In 1982 Bruce-2 was temporarily shut down due to a pressure tube leak. In[14] 1986 a fuel channel failed in Bruce-2 while the reactor was shut down. Some of the fuel elements were swept into the moderator (calandria) and were difficult to remove.[14][19] In 1986 maintenance workers accidentally left a protective lead blanket in the steam generator of Bruce A 2. By the time the mistake was discovered six years later, the blanket had melted, severely damaging the boiler.[21][22][23] In 1990 a software error caused a fuelling machine error on Bruce-4, damaging a fuel channel.[14][24] In 1993, reactor power was reduced to 60% until various LOCA scenarios could be addressed. Subsequently Bruce A units returned to 89% of rated power.[14] At the time Bruce Power took the lease (2001), all Bruce A units were laid-up[3]

Bruce B[edit]

  • Bruce B 5
    • in service 1 March 1985
    • (original) scheduled shutdown 2016[25]
    • planned refurbishment to begin 2022[16]
  • Bruce B 6
    • in service 14 September 1984
    • (original) scheduled shutdown 2018 (approx 34 years old)
    • planned refurbishment to begin 2024[16]
  • Bruce B 7
    • in service 10 April 1986
    • (original) scheduled shutdown 2015
    • planned refurbishment to begin 2026[16]
  • Bruce B 8
    • in service 22 May 1987
    • (original) scheduled shutdown 2019
    • planned refurbishment to begin 2028[16]

The Bruce B plant stands somewhat to the south of the original Douglas Point and Bruce A plants. Construction began in 1977.[12]

Bruce B units are slightly larger capacity: 817 MW net, 840 MW gross. The slightly higher value is attributed to an improved steam generator design, where[26] the steam drum is integral to each steam generator in a "light bulb" arrangement, eliminating the horizontal cross-drum.[18]

With the completion of Bruce B in 1987, Bruce was the largest nuclear site in the world.[27]

In 2007 Bruce 7 was the top performing nuclear reactor in Ontario with 97.2% performance.[28] In 2009, Bruce 5 was first with 95.4%[27]

In 1990, a nine-week "impairment" of the Bruce B containment system was created when a technician incorrectly set the calibration on radioactivity monitors.[25]

Electrical output[edit]

By year, the station (A and B combined) produced the following amounts of electricity:

  • 2001 20.5 terawatt hours (TWh);
  • 2003 24.5 TWh;
  • 2004 (planned) 34 TWh.[3]
  • 2007 35.47 TWh
  • 2008 35.26 TWh[29]
  • 2013 45 TWh which is about 30% of Ontario's production.[1]

In 2006, OPA proposed increasing transmission line capacity from the plant, at a cost of between $200–600 million,[30] described as "the largest electricity transmission investment in Ontario in the last 20 years."[31] The line was completed in June 2012, several months ahead of schedule. Over 700 towers were built for the 180 kilometre line to Milton. The project ranked 45th in Renew Canada's annual list.[32]

In 2010, Bruce Power was paid approximately $60 million for contracted, but unused power.[33]

Comparison with Pickering[edit]

  • Compared to the previous Pickering station, the Bruce reactors have higher power output, achieved by: increasing the number of fuel channels, increasing the number of bundles per channel, and a change in the fuel bundle itself.
  • At Bruce, the fuelling equipment is shared by the four reactors of each plant, while at Pickering each reactor has a fuelling machine.
  • The Bruce fuelling machine and fuel channel end fitting design (mostly by CGE) is based on the NPD design. The Pickering design by AECL is based on Douglas Point.[34]
  • The design of the reactor buildings differs: Bruce uses a squarish "close-in" design, in which as much of the equipment as possible is arranged outside the main containment envelope for easier access during maintenance and emergencies.[19] The steam generators penetrate the containment. The primary coolant pumps and primary piping systems are inside the containment enclosure, but the pump motors are outside containment and the drive shaft seals form the containment boundary.[35] Pickering has round domes which enclose much of the secondary cooling equipment.
  • The Pickering A system did not originally have a second independent shutdown system. The Bruce containment concept differs: the reactor's reactivity mechanism deck serves as a part of the containment boundary, is closer to the reactor, and more prone to damage in the event of an accident ("accidental physical disasembly"). The designers therefore foresaw the need for a second safety system to reduce the risk on an accident. Bruce received a second, fully independent Safety Shutdown System (SDS2) which uses a liquid neutron poison injection method.[36]
  • The Bruce system also has a high-pressure Emergency Coolant Injection System (ECIS).[20]
  • Each Bruce "4 pack" has its own Vacuum Building, while Pickering has one per eight reactors.
  • At Pickering, the vacuum duct is closed by nonreturn valves, which would prevent flow of the steam/air mixture from the duct to a non-accident reactor unit following a LOCA. In the Bruce concept, there is no such non-return valve; the reactor buildings are all interconnected during normal operation.[19]
  • Bruce uses single-circuit heat transport system, while Pickering has two circuits.[19]
  • The first two reactor units of Pickering A originally used Zircaloy-2 pressure tubes. All subsequent CANDU units use a zirconium - 2.5% niobium alloy.[19]
  • Bruce uses a pressuriser to maintain coolant pressure, Pickering a different system.
  • The Pickering design utilizes 12 small steam generators operated in groups of three. Steam generators can be individually valved out of the heat transport loop, as can the pumps. There are 16 pumps per reactor, with 4 being spare. At Bruce, the number of steam generators and coolant pumps was reduced (to 8 and 4 respectively, there are no spare pumps), thereby simplifying the piping. The Bruce system permits reactor power level to be adjusted more quickly and easily.[19][37]

Construction costs[edit]

Bruce A was projected to cost $0.9 billion (1969), and actually cost $1.8 billion (1978), a 100% over-run. Bruce B was projected to cost $3.9 billion (1976), and actually cost $6 billion (1989) in "dollars of the year", a 50% over-run.[25] These figures are better than for Pickering B or Darlington (at 350%, not accounting for inflation).

Blackout of 2003[edit]

During the Northeast Blackout of 2003 three Bruce B units were able to continue running at 60% reactor power and at 0% grid electrical power. They were able to do so for hours, because they had steam bypass systems that were designed to de-couple the reactor output from the generator electrical output.[38] The three units were reconnected to the grid within 5 hours.[14]

The Bruce A and B stations were designed to operate through grid disturbances and to operate for at least 6 hours disconnected from the grid. Bruce A subsequently lost this capability due to safety concerns with the booster rod system.[dubious – discuss] "Contrary to popular belief, the electrical generators of nuclear plants can follow the load demands of the electrical grid provided specific engineered systems to permit this mode of operation are included in the plant design."[38]

Refurbishment Bruce 1 and 2[edit]

Bruce A Turbine Hall during the 2002-04 restart project

Retubing of Bruce A units was planned in 1992, although this was deferred, as Ontario Hydro had a surplus of generation at the time.[12]

In late 2005, Bruce Power and the Government of Ontario committed to return units 1 and 2 to service, in order to help meet increasing energy demand in the province of Ontario.[39] The project was originally estimated to cost $4.25 billion.[40] It was determined that while Units 1&2 could have been restarted without refurbishment, it was believed to be economical advantageous to do so, since refurbishment would have been required shortly thereafter.[3] The goal is to keep units 1&2 in service until 2043,[3] 66 years after original commissioning.

The refurbishment required:

  • Pressure tube and calandria tube replacement
  • Steam generator replacement
  • Shutdown System 2 (SDS2) enhancement
  • upgrade of turbine control systems, replacing original analog controls with a DCS[41]
  • Significant other work and maintenance (for example, 30 transformers containing PCBs will be replaced).

A new fuel bundle design (Low Void Reactivity Fuel, LVRF) is being considered, which uses slightly enriched (1% U-235) fuel pellets, within a CANFLEX 43-element bundle (compared to the existing 37-element bundle).[3]

In 2006 and 2007, the restart project was judged to be the largest infrastructure project in Canada by ReNew Canada magazine.[42] Estimated cost for the project later grew to $5.25 billion when Bruce Power decided to replace all 480 fuel channels in Unit 4, which will extend its working life to 2036, in line with the other 3 units of Bruce A.[43] In 2008, due to difficulties developing the necessary robotics, the estimated cost of restarting Units 1 and 2 was raised between $400 and $700 million.[44] The project, however, remained on schedule.[45][46]

The auditor general reviewed the refurbishment deal in 2007[47]

In January 2010, up to 217 workers were potentially exposed to radiation during the refurbishment.[48] 27 workers may have received 5 mSv, a level well below the level that can affect human health. (For context, 8000mSv is fatal, and 3-16 is the normal background radiation that people normally experience in a typical year.) Only one lab in Canada (at Chalk River ) was qualified to do the testing. Bruce Power had to seek permission to use alternative labs.[49][50]

In 2010, a plan to ship decommissioned, low-level radioactive steam generators to Sweden via the Great Lakes caused controversy.[51] The CNSC approved the plan in February 2011.[52]

In 2011, it was reported that Unit1 and 2 refurbishment, originally scheduled for 2009, was now predicted to be in commercial operation in 2012. In 2011, the cost had totalled $3.8 billion; the final cost was expected to be $4.8 billion. The original 2005 estimate was $2.75 billion.[53]

As of January 2011, fuel channel installation in Unit 2 was complete.[54] The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission gave the operator the green light to restart Unit 2 on 16 March 2012.[55] However, the reactor was shut down the next day after a leak was discovered in the moderator system.[56]

In September 2012, Unit 1 began generating power again.[15]

On 16 October 2012, Unit 2 was connected to the provincial electricity grid for the first time in 17 years.

Final costs are estimated at $4.8 billion, up from an original estimate of $2.75 billion, and the project ran "far behind" schedule.[57]

Future development[edit]

New station (cancelled)[edit]

As part of a plan submitted to the Ontario Energy Board for approval, the Ontario Power Authority recommended building a new nuclear power station consisting of at least two reactors.[58] The leading candidate is AECL's Advanced CANDU Reactor.[59] Environmental assessments are currently underway both at Bruce and at Ontario Power Generation's Darlington Nuclear Generating Station.[60]

In 2009, Bruce Power withdrew its application to the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) for the Bruce C plant[61][62][63]

Ontario Long Term Energy Plan (LTEP) 2013[edit]

Ontario announced plans to refurbish six reactors at the Bruce plant. Refurbishment of Bruce A4 would begin in 2016. Other units would follow at intervals. Bruce Power estimates the refurbishment cost to be about $2 billion per unit, or $12 billion for six. The price of the power from these units is expected to be in the range of ~$60–$70 per MWh.[16][64]

Other features on site[edit]

Bruce A looking Southwest across Baie Du Dor

There are more than 56 kilometres of roads on site, and at least 25 major structures. The site has its own fire department, laundry and medical centre.[12]

Douglas Point[edit]

Encompassed by the Bruce site is the shut-down Douglas Point reactor, an earlier version of the CANDU design. Construction began in 1960; was operational in 1967; and was shut down in 1984.[12] The present Bruce reactors each are roughly 4 times the capacity of the 200 MW Douglas Point unit.

Bruce Heavy Water Plant (BHWP)[edit]

At one time the Bruce Heavy Water Plant (BHWP) also occupied the site. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited contracted the Lummus Company of Canada Limited in 1969 to design and construct the first phase of the plant, while Ontario Hydro was responsible for commissioning and operating.[65]

It was planned to consist of four sub-plants, A through D:

  • A was in production in 1973, shutdown in 1984, and demolished in 1993;
  • B was in production in 1979, partially shutdown in 1993, completely closed in 1997, and subsequently demolished;
  • C was cancelled, and never built;
  • D was 70% completed when cancelled, and subsequently demolished in 1995.

During its lifetime, BHWP produced 16,000 tonnes of reactor grade heavy water. Capacity of each sub-plant was planned to be 800 tonnes/annum. The plant size was approximately 960 m by 750 m.[2] The heavy water was 99.75% pure.[65] The production of a single pound of heavy water required 340,000 pounds of feed water.[66]

Bruce Bulk Steam System (BBSS)[edit]

Steam from Bruce A could be diverted to the bulk steam system to provide energy for the production of Heavy Water (750 MW thermal), to heat buildings within the development (15 MW th), or to provide energy (72 MW th) for the adjacent Bruce Energy Centre (BEC). The BEC supported industries such as greenhouses and plastic manufacturers. As one of the largest bulk steam systems in the world, this system could produce 5,350 MW of medium-pressure process steam, and had over 6 km of piping. It was demolished by the end of 2006. Because of the requirement to provide steam, the Bruce A turbines are undersized relative to the reactor power.[26][67][68][69][70]

Waste storage[edit]

The Bruce station area is also the site of OPG's Western Waste Management Facility (WWMF). The WWMF stores all the low and intermediate level nuclear waste from the operation of OPG's 20 nuclear reactors, including those leased to Bruce Power. As of 2009, there are 11 Low level storage buildings.[71]

In addition, the WWMF provides dry fuel storage for the Bruce reactors. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization is presently seeking a separate site in Canada for a permanent repository for the used fuel from all of Canada's nuclear reactors.

OPG has proposed a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) for the long-term management of this low-and-intermediate level waste, to be constructed on lands adjacent to WWMF. The proposed DGR would be about 680 metres below surface.[72]

Inverhuron Provincial Park[edit]

While not part of the Bruce site proper, the nearby Inverhuron Provincial Park is owned by OPG and is on lease to the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. As a condition of the operating licence for Bruce Nuclear, OPG has retained a 914 m radius exclusion zone in the northwest corner of the park. The former park campground was phased out in 1976 because of safety concerns related to the manufacturing of heavy water. Since heavy water is no longer produced, the park campground was allowed to re-open.[73]

Eagles[edit]

The heated water released back into Lake Huron by the plant prevents the surrounding shoreline from freezing over during winter and attracts an inordinate concentration of lake fish, which in turn attracts droves of bald eagles wintering in the area. Numbers peak around late February to early March and it is not uncommon for visitors to observe several dozen eagles in and around the general vicinity of the plant at any given time during these months.[74][75]

Security and safety[edit]

Bruce Power as seen from a passenger aircraft

In 1977 three Greenpeace activists canoed into the site to demonstrate the lack of security.[76][77]

On 23 September 2001, a man whose boat capsized on Lake Huron near the Bruce complex squeezed through a gate, entered an office building and phoned for help—all undetected.[78][79]

The pre-9/11 mandate of the security team was to delay attackers for 17 minutes, until local police could respond. Reliance was on passive measures such as fencing and locks.[25]

The "transformed" post 9/11 security team is described as being larger than the police force of the city of Kingston, i.e. equivalent to the force of a city of 100,000. Force members are permitted to carry firearms, and have powers of arrest. The force possesses armoured vehicles, water craft, and the plant is now triple-fenced.[80] In May 2008, the Bruce Nuclear Response Team (NRT) won the U.S. National SWAT Championship (USNSC), defeating 29 other teams from 4 countries, the first time a Canadian team won an international SWAT event. They won again in 2009, 2010, and 2011.[81][82][83][84][85][86]

In 2010, about 40 contract workers were fired or suspended for inappropriate internet usage.[87][88]

Post 9/11, tours of the plant area were discontinued, although there is a visitor centre outside of the site.[12]

According to the Bruce County emergency plan, "The Municipality of Kincardine will coordinate the emergency response concerns of a nuclear emergency situation resulting from an accident at the Bruce Power Site in the Municipality of Kincardine.".[89] Kincardine is required to maintain a warning system within 3 km of the plant, and has a network of 10 warning stations equipped with sirens and strobes.[90]

A variety of radiation monitoring measures are in place. Milk samples from local farms are sampled weekly. Drinking water at treatment plants in Kincardine and Southampton is sampled twice daily, and tested weekly. Ground water is sampled from several surface water, shallow and deep well locations. Aquatic sediment and fish are analysed, as well as livestock feed, honey, eggs, fruits and vegetables.[91]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Bruce Power’s 2013 Annual Review" (PDF). Bruce Power. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  2. ^ a b c "Global Security Article" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Bruce A Refurbishment". Bruce Power (Golder Associates). December 2004 (revision 1). Retrieved 22 March 2011.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ "The World's Largest Power Plants". Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  5. ^ "Nuclear Power in Canada". Canadian Nuclear Association. 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  6. ^ Japan Times: TEPCO may ask U.S. utility to inspect Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant
  7. ^ "The Need for More Transmission in Bruce Region". Ontario Power Authority. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  8. ^ steveheiser (5 November 2009). "Bruce Power Gets Five-Year Operating Licenses - Nuclear Power Industry News - Nuclear Power Industry News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Portal". Nuclear Street. 
  9. ^ "CNSC Extends Bruce Power's Operating Licence Until May 2015". Government of Canada, CNSC. Retrieved 17 August 2014. 
  10. ^ "Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission renews Bruce Power's power reactor operating licences". Government of Canada, CNSC. Retrieved 5 June 2015. 
  11. ^ "Nuclear Engineering and Design - Pressure relief structures of multi-unit candu nuclear power plants". ScienceDirect.com. 2 February 1987. 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "Reporter's Guide to Bruce Power" (PDF). Aug 2007 (R004). Retrieved 24 March 2011.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ [1][dead link]
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Morgan Brown (25 November 2009). "Canada's Nuclear History Chronology". Canadian Nuclear Society. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 
  15. ^ a b c "Bruce 1 generates power for the first time in 15 years". Nuclear Engineering International. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012. 
  16. ^ a b c d e f g "Achieving Balance: Ontario’s Long-Term Energy Plan" (PDF). Ontario Government. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  17. ^ http://www.candu.org/brucepower.html
  18. ^ a b John M. Dyke and Wm. J. Garland (19 May 2006). "Evolution of CANDU Steam Generators – a Historical View" (PDF). Canteach. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Ontario Nuclear Safety Review (29 February 198). "The Safety of Ontario's Nuclear Power Reactors (Vol 2 Appendices)" (PDF). Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 31 March 2011.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ a b Gord L. Brooks (Revision 2, December 2002). "A Short History of the CANDU Nuclear Power System" (PDF). Canteach. Retrieved 25 March 2011.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ a b "Bruce A Proves There Are Second Acts in Nuclear Power". Power Magazine. 1 August 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  22. ^ "CANDU Flawed". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  23. ^ Keith Stewart (24 March 2011). "The Billion Dollar "oops" at the Bruce Nuclear Station". Greenpeace. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  24. ^ Garrett, Chris and Apostolakis, George. "CONTEXT AND SOFTWARE SAFETY ASSESSMENT" (PDF). p. 49. Retrieved 17 August 2014. 
  25. ^ a b c d "Better Never Than Late" (PDF). Greenpeace. October 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  26. ^ a b "Bruce Power: Site History". Canadian Nuclear Workers' Council (CNWC). 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  27. ^ a b "CNA Nuclear Energy Booklet 2010" (PDF). Canadian Nuclear Association. 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  28. ^ "CNA Nuclear Energy Booklet 2008" (PDF). Canadian Nuclear Association. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  29. ^ [2][dead link]
  30. ^ http://www.cleanairalliance.org/resource/fs23.pdf
  31. ^ "Ontario’s Long-Term Energy Plan" (PDF). OPA. 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  32. ^ McCallum, Douglas. "Bruce to Milton Transmission Line Completed Six Months Ahead of Schedule". Retrieved 17 August 2014. 
  33. ^ "Bruce Power got millions to not produce electricity". CTV News. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2011. 
  34. ^ Foster John S. and Brooks G.L. (February 2001). "CANDU ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION - PART 1 OF 5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE EARLY CANDU PROGRAM PREPARED FROM INFORMATION PROVIDED BY JOHN S. FOSTER" (PDF). Canteach. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  35. ^ Howieson J.Q. and Snell V.G. "Chernobyl - A Canadian Technical Perspective" (PDF). Canteach / AECL. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  36. ^ Brooks G.L. (February 2001). "CANDU ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION PART 5 OF 5 THE ORIGINS & EVOLUTION OF THE SECOND SHUTDOWN SYSTEM" (PDF). CANTEACH. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  37. ^ Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (1997). Canada enters the nuclear age. ISBN 0-7735-1601-8. 
  38. ^ a b "Ontario Electrical Grid and Project Requirements for Nuclear Plants" (PDF). Ontario Society of Professional Engineers (OSPE). 8 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  39. ^ "Government and Bruce Power Reach Agreement to Restart Nuclear Units". Queen's Park, Ontario: Canadian Ministry of Energy. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-18. [dead link]
  40. ^ "TransCanada to Invest in $4.25 Billion Bruce Power Restart and Increase Its Interest in Bruce A". Calgary, Alberta: Marketwire. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  41. ^ Gray, S.F. and Basu, S. "Turbine control system upgrade for Bruce Nuclear plant units 1 and 2 (Abstract)". IEEE Xplore. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  42. ^ "ReNew Canada - The Top 100". Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  43. ^ "TransCanada Announces Expanded Unit 4 Refurbishment on Bruce A Restart Project". Calgary, Alberta: Marketwire. 29 August 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-18. [dead link]
  44. ^ Tyler Hamilton (18 April 2008). "Reactor repairs confirmed over budget". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  45. ^ "Bruce Power two-unit restart cost estimate rises to between $3.1 B and $3.4 B". Toronto, Ontario: The Canadian Press. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-18. [dead link]
  46. ^ "TransCanada Provides Update on Bruce A Units 1 and 2 Restart Project". Calgary, Alberta: Marketwire. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-18. [dead link]
  47. ^ Office of the Auditor General of Ontario (5 April 2007). "The Bruce Power Refurb shment Agreement" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  48. ^ "Bruce Power". Scribd.com. 
  49. ^ [3][dead link]
  50. ^ "Bruce Nuclear radiation incident shows safety gap". CTV News. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2011. 
  51. ^ Popplewell, Brett (11 July 2010). "Critics slam proposal to ship nuclear waste through Lake Ontario". The Star (Toronto). 
  52. ^ "Bruce Power granted licence to transport steam generators". 4 February 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  53. ^ [4][dead link]
  54. ^ "Bruce Power – Bruce A Unit 2 Completes Installation of 480 New Fuel Channels - Nuclear Power Industry News - Nuclear Power Industry News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Portal". Nuclear Street. 26 January 2011. 
  55. ^ Reuters (16 March 2012). "Bruce Power gets nod to restart Ontario reactor". Edmonton Journal (Edmonton). Retrieved 19 March 2012. 
  56. ^ QMI Agency (19 March 2012). "Leak discovered at nuclear plant". London Free Press (London, Ontario). Retrieved 19 March 2012. 
  57. ^ Spears John (Jan 20, 2013). "Darlington nuclear refit will have two outside overseers". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 24, 2013. 
  58. ^ "Power plan calls for Ontario to spend $26.5B on nuclear plants". CBC News. 29 August 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  59. ^ David Olive (14 April 2008). "Queen's Park prepares for 'power' play". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  60. ^ Tyler Hamilton (8 April 2008). "GE-Hitachi won't bid for reactor". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-04-18. The government plans to pick a winning technology by the end of the year. It also will decide by that time whether the plant will be located in Clarington or Bruce County, and whether the plant's operator will be Ontario Power Generation or Bruce Power. 
  61. ^ Frank Saunders (23 July 2009). "Withdrawal of Application... [Letter]" (PDF). CNSC. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  62. ^ [5][dead link]
  63. ^ steveheiser (24 July 2009). "Bruce Power Will Focus On Additional Refurbishments At Bruce A And Bruce B - Nuclear Power Industry News - Nuclear Power Industry News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Portal". Nuclear Street. 
  64. ^ "Long-Term Energy Plan Brief October 2013" (PDF). Bruce Power. Retrieved 27 July 2014. 
  65. ^ a b "Abstract for "Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes"". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  66. ^ "Heavy Water Production". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  67. ^ "Nuclear heat applications: World overview" (PDF). IAEA. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  68. ^ "Introduction to CANDU processes" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  69. ^ Jürgen Kupitz (March–April 2000). "Small and Medium Reactors: Development Status and Application Aspects" (PDF). IAEA. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  70. ^ Meridian Planning Consultants (June 2005). "Bruce Energy Centre Discussion Paper". Municipality of Kincardine. 
  71. ^ http://www.opg.com/power/nuclear/waste/pdf/WasteBrochure11.pdf
  72. ^ "Ontario Power Generation: Power Generation: Nuclear Waste Management". Opg.com. 
  73. ^ "Inverhuron Draft Vegetation Management Pla" (PDF). Ontario Ministry Natural Resources (OMNR). 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  74. ^ http://www.thewhig.com/2011/04/06/nuclear-plant-calls-in-hawks-to-scare-off-nesting-gulls
  75. ^ http://www.owensoundsuntimes.com/2013/01/13/eagles-create-stir
  76. ^ "John Bennett | Sierra Club Canada". Sierraclub.ca. 
  77. ^ "Greenpeace History". Digitaltermpapers.com. 
  78. ^ Tony Manolatos (24 July 2002). "Nuke foes fight expansion of Canadian plant" (PDF). The Detroit News. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  79. ^ "Ontario Hansard - 10-October2001". 10 October 2001. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  80. ^ "Blue Line Forums • View topic - nuclear plant security". Forums.blueline.ca. 
  81. ^ "98 The Beach News". 98thebeach.ca. 
  82. ^ [6][dead link]
  83. ^ [7][dead link]
  84. ^ "US National SWAT Championship". Retrieved 24 March 2011. 
  85. ^ "US National SWAT Championship". Retrieved 7 November 2011. 
  86. ^ "Nanticoke Nuclear Power Plant Project Environmental Assessment Fact Sheet 6: Security and Safety" (PDF). Bruce Power. November 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  87. ^ nurun.com (11 September 2009). "Bruce Nuclear contractors fired, suspended over... | Canada | News". Peterborough Examiner. 
  88. ^ Hamilton, Tyler (10 September 2009). "Dozens fired at Bruce Power over Web, e-mail use". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 24 March 2011. 
  89. ^ "COUNTY OF BRUCE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN". 2004. p. 1.2.3. Retrieved 24 March 2011. 
  90. ^ "Municipality of Kincardine Public Alerting System" (PDF). Retrieved 25 March 2011. 
  91. ^ "Annual Summary & Assessment of Environmental Radiological Data for 2009". Bruce Power. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 

External links[edit]
Concepts
Sources
Technology
Policies
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station&oldid=689887765"