The Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American peoples.
1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac [ edit ]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The first treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Lewis Cass and Thomas L. McKenney for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826, proclaimed on February 7, 1827, and codified in the United States Statutes at Large as 7 Stat. 290 . The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the Treaty of Prairie du Chien agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line . Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River . As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis were made.
Signatories [ edit ]
#
Location
Recorded name
Name (Translation/"Alias")
01
St. Marys
Shin-gau-ba Was-sin
Zhingaabewasin (Image Stone) [ a]
02
St. Marys
She-wau-be-ke-toan
Zhiiwaabikitoon (Jingles)
03
St. Marys
Way-ish-kee
04
St. Marys
Shee-gud
05
St. Croix Band
Peezhickee
Bizhiki (Buffalo)
06
St. Croix Band
No-den
Noodin (Wind) [ b]
07
St. Croix Band
Na-gwun-a-bee
Negwanebi ("Tallest" [Quill]feather)
08
St. Croix Band
Kau-be-map-pa
Gaa-bimabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet Mouth")
09
St. Croix Band
Chau-co-pee
Shák'pí ("Little" Six)[ c] [ d]
10
St. Croix Band
Jau-beance
Ayaabens (Little Buck)
11
St. Croix Band
Ul-tau-wau[ e]
Odaawaa (Trader/"Ottawa")
12
St. Croix Band
My-een-gun-sheens
Ma'iinganzhiins (Little Bad-Wolf)
13
St. Croix Band
Moa-so-mo-nee
Máza-máni (Ironwalker)[ f]
14
St. Croix Band
Muck-u-day peenaas
Makade-bines (Black Bird)
15
St. Croix Band
Shee-wee-tau-gun
Zhiiwitaagan (Salt)
16
La Pointe Band
Peexhickee
Bizhiki (Buffalo)
17
La Pointe Band
Kee-mee-wun
Gimiwan (Rain)
18
La Pointe Band
Kau-bu-zo-way
19
La Pointe Band
Wy-au-wee-nind
20
La Pointe Band
Pee-kwauk-wo-to-an-se-kay
21
Lac Courte Oreilles Band
Pay-baum-ik-o-way
22
Lac du Flambeau Band
Gitshee Waubeeshaans
Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten)
23
Lac du Flambeau Band
Moa-zo-nee
Moozonii (Moose People)
24
Lac du Flambeau Band
Git-shee Mi-gee-zee
Gichi-migizi (Great Eagle)
25
Lac du Flambeau Band
Mi-zhau-quot
Mizhakwad (Clear Sky)
26
Ontonagon
Keesh-kee-to-wug
Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)
27
Ontonagon
Pee-nay-see
Binesi (Bird)
28
Ontonagon
Mau-tau-gu-mee
29
Ontonagon
Kwee-wee-zais-ish
Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy)
30
Vermilion Lake
At-tick-o-ans
Adikoons (Little Elk)
31
Vermilion Lake
Gy-ut-shee-in-i-nee
Gayaachiinh-inini (Small Man)
32
Vermilion Lake
Jauk-way
33
Vermilion Lake
Mad-wag-ku-na-gee-zhig-waab
34
Vermilion Lake
Jau-ko-gee-zhig-waish-kun
35
Vermilion Lake
Nee-zbo-day
Niizhoode' (Two-hearted)
36
Vermilion Lake
Nun-do-chee-ais
37
Vermilion Lake
O-gee-mau-gee-gid
38
Vermilion Lake
An-nee-mee-kees
Animikiins (Little Thunder)
39
Ontonagon
Kau-waish-kung
40
Ontonagon
Mau-tau-gu-mee
41
Snake River
Way-mit-te-goash
Wemitigoozh (Frenchman)
42
Snake River
Isk-quag-wun-aa-bee
Ishkwaagwanebi (End [Quill]feather)
43
Snake River
Mee-gwun-aus
Miigwanens (Little Feather)
44
Lac du Flambeau Band
Pa-moos-say
Bemose (Walking)
45
Lac du Flambeau Band
May–tau-koos-ee-gay
Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco) [ g]
46
Rainy Lake
Aa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunk
Aanakamigishkaang ([Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground])
47
Sandy Lake Band
O-sau-mem-i-kee
Ozaawinimikii (Yellow Thunder)
48
Sandy Lake Band
Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost[ h]
Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman)
49
Sandy Lake Band
Paa-shu-nin-leel
50
Sandy Lake Band
Wau-zhus-ko-kok
51
Sandy Lake Band
Nit-um-o-gau-bow-ee
Netamigaabawi (Stands First)
52
Sandy Lake Band
Wat-tap
Wadab (Spunk)
53
Fond du Lac Band
Shin-goop
Zhingob (Spruce)
54
Fond du Lac Band
Mon-e-to-gee-zi-so-ans
Manidoo-giiziswens ( Little Sun-Spirit)
55
Fond du Lac Band
Mong-a-zid
Maangozid (Loon's Foot)
56
Fond du Lac Band
Ma-ne-to-gee-zhig
Manidoo-giizhig (Sky Spirit)
57
Fond du Lac Band
O-jau-nee-mau-son
58
Fond du Lac Band
Mis-kwau-tais
Miskwaadesi ([Painted] Turtle)
59
Fond du Lac Band
Nau-bu-nay-ger-zhig
Nabane-giizhig (One-side of the Sky)
60
Fond du Lac Band
Un-nau-wau-bun-daun
61
Fond du Lac Band
Pau-tau-bay
62
Fond du Lac Band
Mi-gee-see
Migizi (Eagle)
63
Ontonagon
Waub-ish-kee-pee-naas
Waabishki-bines (White Bird)
64
Ontonagon
Tweesh-tweesh-kee-way
65
Ontonagon
Kun-de-kund
Okandikan (Bouy)
66
Ontonagon
Oguh bayaunuhquotwaybee
67
Ontonagon
Pay-bau-mau-sing
68
Ontonagon
Keesh-kee-mun
Giishkimon (Whetstone/"Sharpened Knife")
69
Crow Wing River
Mau-gu-gau-bo-wie
70
Crow Wing River
Pu-dud
Pítad (Muskrat's Liver)[ i]
71
Crow Wing River
Naug-du-nosh
72
Crow Wing River
O-zhus-kuck-oen
Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver)
73
Crow Wing River
Waub-o-gee
Waabojiig (White Fisher)
74
Crow Wing River
Saw-ba-nosh
75
Crow Wing River
Kee-way-den
Giiwedin (North [Wind])
76
Crow Wing River
Git-shee-mee-win-i-nee
77
Crow Wing River
Wy-nu-nee
78
Crow Wing River
O-bu-mau-gee-zhig
79
Crow Wing River
Pay-bou-mid-gee-wung
80
Crow Wing River
Mau-gee-gau-bou
Maajigaabawi (Starts to Stand/"Stepping Ahead")
81
Crow Wing River
Pay-bau-mo-gee-zhig
Bebaamogiizhig (Sky Rambling)
82
Crow Wing River
Kau-be-map-pa
Gaa-bimabi (He that sits to the side)
83
Crow Wing River
Way-mit-te-goa-zhu
Wemitigoozhi (Frenchman)
84
Crow Wing River
On-ju-pe-naas
Aanji-bines (Changing Bird)
85
Crow Wing River
Mad-way-os-sin
Madwewasin (Hears Stones)
1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac [ edit ]
Land ceded by the treaty of Fond du Lac in 1847, designated 268 (green) on the map.
The second treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Issac A. Verplank and Henry Mower Rice for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847, proclaimed on April 7, 1848, and codified as 9 Stat. 904 . This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River , bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line , Mississippi River , Crow Wing River and Long Prairie River .
According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe , representatives from the Ho-Chunk Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk Nation which was about to be displaced from the Neutral Ground with the admission of much of Iowa Territory into the Union as the State of Iowa , in their Treaty of Washington (1846). The Ho-Chunk were supposed to be removed to the land ceded by the two 1847 Ojibwe treaties along the Long Prairie River (now in Minnesota). Many refused. Some fled to Wisconsin and some to Nebraska. The balance were removed to Minnesota in 1848 and a second removal occurred in 1850 which brought in another portion of the Ho-Chunk to the area. Due to frequent skirmishes by Ojibwe and Dakota bands against one another the Ho-Chunk could not avoid being attacked at times. The Ho-Chunk were unhappy with the land and were eventually relocated to an area near the Blue Earth River in southern Minnesota in 1855. After the Dakota rose up against whites in 1862 and the U.S.-Dakota war caused depopulation of southern Minnesota, many remaining Minnesota citizens were in no mood to allow the Ho-Chunk Nation to remain in the state, despite their neutrality during the hostilities. The Winnebago subsequently ceded their Minnesota lands to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to South Dakota and then Nebraska . Meanwhile, the Ojibwe land ceded in 1847 remained in U.S. government hands and was eventually opened up to white settlement.
Signatories [ edit ]
#
Location
Recorded Name
Name (Translation/"Alias")
Title
1
Crow Wing
Kai-ah-want-e-da
2d chief
2
Gull Lake
Waub-o-jceg[ j]
Waabojiig (White Fisher)
1st chief
3
Crow Wing
Ut-tom-auh
1st warrior
4
Crow Wing
Shen-goob
Zhingob (Spruce)
1st warrior
5
Gull Lake
Que-wish-an-sish
Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy)
1st warrior
6
Crow Wing
Maj-c-gah-bon[ k]
Maajigaabaw (Start to Stand)
2d warrior
7
Crow Wing
Kag-gag-c-we-guon[ l]
Gaagagiwigwan (Raven’s Feather)
warrior
8
Crow Wing
Mab uk-um-ig
warrior
9
Sandy Lake Band
Nag-aun-cg-a-bon[ m]
Naagaanigaabaw (Stand in Front)
2d chief
10
Sandy Lake Band
Wan-jc-ke-shig-uk[ n]
Wenji-giizhigak (From the Sky)
chief
11
Sandy Lake Band
Kow-az-rum-ig-ish-kung
warrior
12
La Pointe Band
Ke-che-wask-keenk
Gichi-weshkiinh (Great Renewer)
1st chief
13
St. Croix Lake
Gab-im-ub-be
Gaa-bimabi
chief
14
Pelican Lakes
Kee-che-waub-ish-ash
Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten)
1st chief
15
Pelican Lakes
Nig-gig
Nigig (Otter)
2d chief
16
Lac du Flambeau Band
Ud-c-kum-ag[ o]
Adikameg (Whitefish)
2d chief
17
La Pointe Band
Ta-che-go-onk
3d chief
18
La Pointe Band
Muk-no-a-wuk-und
warrior
19
St. Croix Band
O-sho-gaz
warrior
20
La Pointe Band
A-dow-c-re-shig[ p]
Edaawi-giizhig (Both Ends of the Sky)
warrior
21
La Pointe Band
Keesh-ri-tow-ng[ q]
Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)
1st warrior
22
Rice Lake Band
I-aub-ans
Ayaabens (Little Buck)
chief
23
La Pointe Band
Tug-wany-am-az[ r]
Dagwagaane (Two Lodges Meet)
2d chief
24
Ontonagon Band
O-rum-de-kun[ s]
Okandikan (Bouy)
chief
25
Ontonagon
Keesh-re-tow-no[ t]
Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)
2d chief
26
Pokegama
Maj-c-wo-we-clung[ u]
Maajiwewidang (Starts Speaking)
2d chief
27
Pokegama
Ke-che-wa-mib-co-osk[ v]
Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman)
1st chief
28
Fond du Lac Band
Mongo-o-sit
Maangozid (Loon’s Foot)
3d chief
29
Fond du Lac Band
Mug-un-ub
2d chief
30
Fond du Lac Band
An-im-as-ung
Enimaasing (Sails Away)
1st warrior
31
Chippewa River
Waub-ish-ashe
Waabizheshi (Marten)
1st chief
32
Chippewa River
Make-cen-gun[ w]
Ma'iingan (Wolf)
2d chief
33
Lac Courte Oreilles Band
Kee-wan-see
chief
34
Puk-wa-wun
Ten-as-see[ x]
Binesi (Bird)
chief
35
Lac Courte Oreilles Band
Nag-an-is
2d chief
36
Puk-wa-wun
Ke-chi-in-in-e
Gichi-inini
1st warrior
37
Turtle Portage
Ke-che-now-uj-c-nim
chief
38
Lac du Flambeau Band
Bus-e-guin-jis
warrior
39
Fond du Lac Band
Shin-goob
Zhingob (Spruce)
1st chief
40
Grand Portage Band
Shay-u-ash-cens[ y]
Zhaaganaashiins (Little Englishman)
1st chief
41
Grand Portage Band
Ud-ik-ons
Adikoons (Little Elk)
2d chief
42
La Pointe Band
Me-zye
Mizay (Eel)
4th chief
43
L'Anse Band
David King
1st chief
44
L'Anse Band
Ma-tak-o-se-ga
Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco)
1st warrior
45
L'Anse Band
Assurcens
2d warrior
46
L'Anse Band
Peter Marksman
chief
47
Alexander Corbin
chief
48
William W. W. Warren
William W. Warren
1st chief
49
Jno. Pta. Rellenger
Jean-Baptise Reyergé
50
Charles Charlo
51
Battiste Gauthier
Chief
52
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
Vincent Roy
Chief
53
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
John Btse. Cadotte
Jean-Baptise Cadotte
Warrior
54
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
Lemo Sayer
2d chief
55
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
Jhn. Btse. Roy
Jean-Baptise Roy
Warrior
56
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
Michel Bas-he-na
57
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
Lueson Godin
Luizon Godin
58
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
John Sayer
59
La Pointe Band Half-breeds
Lueson Corbin
Chief
60
La Pointe, Wisconsin
Wm. W. Warren
William W. Warren
witness/interpreter
61
La Pointe, Wisconsin
Chas. H. Oakes
Charles H. Oakes
witness
62
Rochester, New York
Roswell Hart
witness
63
Batavia, New York
Henry Evans
witness
64
A. Morrison
Allan Morrison
witness
65
S. Hovers
Smith Hovers
witness
66
Mamoci M. Samuel
witness
67
Henry Blatchford
witness/interpreter
68
William A. Aitken
witness
69
Julius Ombrian
witness
The signatory headmen were the following:
#
Location
Recorded Name
Name (Translation/"Alias")
Title
01
Trout Lake
Ke-nesh-te-no
Ginishinoo (Cree)
chief
02
Lac du Flambeau Band
Mah-shah
1st warrior
03
Red Cedar Lake
I-oush-ou-c-ke-shik[ z]
chief
04
Mille Lacs Indians
Mah-ko-dah
Makode' (Bear's Heart)
1st warrior
05
Mille Lacs Indians
Pe-tud
Pítad [ aa] (Muskrat's Liver)
1st chief
06
Mille Lacs Indians
Aunch-e-be-nas
Aanji-bines (Changing Bird)
2d warrior
07
Red Cedar Lake
Mish-in-nack-in-ugo
warrior
08
Sandy Lake Band
Gah-nin-dum-a-win-so[ ab]
Gaa-nandawaawinzo (He that Gathers Berries/"le Brocheux ")
1st chief
09
Sandy Lake Band
Mis-quod-ase
Miskwades (Painted Turtle)
warrior
10
Sandy Lake Band
Na-tum-e-gaw-bow
Netamigaabaw (Stands First)
2d chief
11
Sandy Lake Band
I-ah-be-dua-we-dung
Ayaabidwewidang (Constantly Speak)
warrior
12
Pokegama
Bi-a-jig
Bayezhig (Lone Man)
1st chief
13
Mississippi Half-breeds
Joseph Montre
1st chief
14
Wm. W. Warren
William W. Warren
witness/interpreter
15
Peter Marksman
witness/interpreter
16
Smith Hovers
witness
Treaty adhesion:
#
Location
Recorded Name
Name (Translation/"Alias")
Title
01
Snake River
No-din
Noodin (Wind)
chief
02
William A. Aitkin
William A. Aitken
witness
03
R. B. Carlton
witness
Treaty adhesion approval:
#
Location
Recorded Name
Name (Translation/"Alias")
Title
01
Po-go-ne-gi-shik
Bagonegiizhig (Hole in the Day)
02
William Aitkin
William A. Aitken
witness
03
D. T. Sloan
witness
^ Portraited by Bird as "SHIN-GA-BA-W'OSSIN or IMAGE STONE"
^ Portraited by Bird as "NO-TIN"
^ Name given in Dakota language
^ Portraited by Bird as "JACK-O-PA"
^ "Ul-tau-wau" should be "Ut-tau-wau"
^ Name given in Dakota language
^ Portraited by Bird as "META-KOOSEGA or PURE TOBACCO"
^ "Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost" should be "Git-shee Way-mit-tee-go-osh"
^ Name given in Dakota language
^ "Waub-o-jceg" should be "Waub-o-jeeg"
^ "Maj-c-gah-bon" should be "Maj-e-gah-boh"
^ "Kag-gag-c-we-guon" should be "Kag-gag-e-we-guon"
^ "Nag-aun-cg-a bon" should be "Nag-aun-eg-a-bow"
^ "Wan-jc-ke-shig-uk" should be "Wan-je-ke-shig-uk"
^ "Ud-c-kum-ag" should be "Ud-e-kum-ag"
^ "A-dow-c-re-shig" should be "A-dow-e-ke-shig"
^ "Keesh-ri-tow-ng" should be "Keesh-ki-tow-ug"
^ "Tug-wany-am-az" should be "Tug-waug-aun-ay"
^ "O-rum-de-kun" should be "O-kun-de-kun"
^ "Keesh-re-tow-no" should be "Keesh-ke-tow-uc"
^ "Maj-c-wo-we-clung" should be "Maj-e-wa-we-dung"
^ "Ke-che-wa-mib-co-osk" should be "Ke-che-wa-mi-te-co-osh"
^ "Make-cen-gun" should be "Mah-een-gun"
^ "Ten-as-see" should be "Pen-as-see"
^ "Shay-u-ash-cens" should be "Shag-un-ash-eens"
^ "I-oush-ou-c-ke-shik" should be "I-ansh-ow-e-ke-shik"
^ Name given in Dakota language
^ "Gah-nin-dum-a-win-so" should be "Gah-nin-duw-a-win-so"
External links [ edit ]