National Party of Australia
| National Party of Australia | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Leader | Warren Truss |
| President | Larry Anthony |
| Deputy Leader | Barnaby Joyce |
| Founded | 20 January 1920 (As Australian Country Party) |
| Headquarters | John McEwen House 7 National Circuit Barton ACT 2600 |
| Youth wing | Young Nationals |
| Ideology | Conservatism, Agrarianism[1] |
| National affiliation | Liberal-National Coalition |
| Colours | Green and Yellow |
| House of Representatives |
9 / 150
|
| Senate |
3 / 76
|
| Website | |
| http://www.nationals.org.au/ | |
| Politics of Australia Political parties Elections |
|
The National Party of Australia (also known as The Nationals or simply, The Nats) is an Australian political party. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers, and rural voters generally, it began as the Australian Country Party, and then adopted the name the National Country Party in 1975. The party's name was changed to the National Party of Australia in 1982, and it is now commonly referred to as "The Nationals". Federally, and in New South Wales, and to an extent in Victoria and historically in Western Australia, it has, in government, been the minor party in a centre-right Coalition with the Liberal Party of Australia. In Opposition it has worked in formal coalition or separately, but generally in co-operation with the Liberal Party (and, historically, the Liberal Party's antecedent, the United Australia Party). However, the National Party was the major coalition party in Queensland between 1936 and 2008, when it merged with the junior Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia to form the Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP).
The National Party of Australia party's federal parliamentary leader since 3 December 2007, following the coalition's defeat at the 2007 federal election, is Warren Truss.[2]
Contents
History[edit]
The Country Party was formally founded in 1913 in Western Australia, and nationally in 1920 from a number of state-based parties such as the Victorian Farmers' Union (VFU) and the Farmers and Settlers Party of New South Wales.[3] Australia's first Country Party was founded in 1912 by Harry J. Stephens, editor of The Farmer & Settler, but under fierce opposition from rival newspapers,[4] failed to gain momentum.
The VFU won a seat in the House of Representatives in 1918, and at the 1919 federal election the state-based country parties won seats in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. They also began to win seats in the state parliaments. In 1920 the Country Party was established as a national party led by William McWilliams from Tasmania. In his first speech as leader, McWilliams laid out the principles of the new party, stating "we crave no alliance, we spurn no support but we intend drastic action to secure closer attention to the needs of primary producers"[5] McWilliams was deposed as party leader in favour of Dr Earle Page in April 1921 following instances where McWilliams voted against the party line. McWilliams would later leave the Country Party to sit as an Independent.[5]
According to historian B. D. Graham (1959), the graziers who operated the sheep stations were politically conservative. They disliked the Labor party, which represented their workers, and feared that Labor governments would pass unfavorable legislation and listen to foreigners and Communists. The graziers were satisfied with the marketing organisation of their industry, opposed any change in land tenure and labour relations, and advocated lower tariffs, low freight rates, and low taxes. On the other hand, Graham reports, the small farmers, not the graziers, founded the Country party. The farmers advocated government intervention in the market through price support schemes and marketing pools. The graziers often politically and financially supported the Country party, which in turn made the Country party more conservative.[6]
At the 1922 election, it won enough seats to deny the Nationalists an overall majority, and was the Nationalists' only realistic coalition partner. However, Page let it be known that his party would not serve under Hughes, and forced his resignation. Page then entered negotiations with the Nationalists' new leader, Stanley Bruce, for a coalition government. Page's terms were stiff—five seats in a Cabinet of 11, including the Treasurer portfolio and the second rank in the ministry for himself. Nonetheless, Bruce readily agreed, and the "Bruce-Page Ministry" was formed—thus beginning the tradition of the party's leader ranking second in Coalition cabinets.[3]
Page remained dominant in the party until 1939 and briefly served as an interim Prime Minister between the death of Joseph Lyons and the election of Robert Menzies as his successor, but Page's refusal to serve under Menzies led to his resignation as leader. The coalition was re-formed under Archie Cameron in 1940, and continued until October 1941 despite the election of Arthur Fadden as leader after the 1940 Election. Fadden was well regarded within conservative circles and proved to be a loyal deputy to Menzies in the difficult circumstances of 1941. When Menzies was forced to resign as Prime Minister, the UAP was so bereft of leadership that Fadden briefly succeeded him (despite the Country Party being the junior partner in the governing coalition). However, the two independents who had been propping up the government rejected Fadden's budget and brought the government down.[7] Fadden stood down in favour of Labor leader John Curtin.
The Fadden-led Coalition made almost no headway against Curtin, and was severely defeated in the 1943 election. After that loss, Fadden became deputy Leader of the Opposition under Menzies, a role that continued after Menzies folded the UAP into the Liberal Party of Australia in 1944. Fadden remained a loyal partner of Menzies, though he was still keen to assert the independence of his party. Indeed, in the lead up to the 1949 federal election, Fadden played a key role in the defeat of the Chifley Labor government, frequently making inflammatory claims about the "socialist" nature of the Labor Party, which Menzies could then "clarify" or repudiate as he saw fit, thus appearing more "moderate". In 1949, Fadden became Treasurer in the second Menzies government and remained so until his retirement in 1958. His successful partnership with Menzies was one of the elements that sustained the coalition, which remained in office until 1972 (Menzies himself retired in 1966).[7]
Fadden's successor, Trade Minister John McEwen, took the then unusual step of declining to serve as Treasurer, believing he could better ensure that the interests of Australian primary producers were safeguarded. Accordingly, McEwen personally supervised the signing of the first post-war trade treaty with Japan, new trade agreements with New Zealand and Britain, and Australia's first trade agreement with the USSR (1965). In addition to this he insisted on developing an all encompassing system of tariff protection that would encourage the development of those secondary industries that would "value add" Australia's primary produce. His success in this endeavour is sometimes dubbed "McEwenism". This was the period of the Country Party's greatest power, as was demonstrated in 1962 when McEwen was able to insist that Menzies sack a Liberal Minister who claimed that Britain's entry into the European Economic Community was unlikely to severely impact on the Australian economy as a whole.[8]
Menzies retired in 1966 and was succeeded by Harold Holt. McEwen thus became the longest-tenured member of the government, with the informal right to veto government policy. The most significant instance that McEwen exercised this came when Holt disappeared in December 1967. John Gorton became the new Liberal Prime Minister in January 1968. McEwen was sworn in as an interim Prime Minister pending the election of the new Liberal leader. Logically, the Liberals' deputy leader, William McMahon, should have succeeded Holt. However, McMahon was a staunch free-trader, and there were also rumors that he was homosexual. As a result, McEwen told the Liberals that he and his party would not serve under McMahon. McMahon stood down in favour of John Gorton. It would be only after McEwen announced his retirement that MacMahon would be able to successfully challenge Gorton for the Liberal leadership. McEwen's reputation for political toughness led to him being nicknamed "Black Jack" by his allies and enemies alike.[9]
At the state level, from 1957 to 1989, the Country Party under Frank Nicklin and Joh Bjelke-Petersen dominated governments in Queensland—the last six of those years ruling in its own right, without the Liberals. It also took part in governments in New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia.[10]
However, successive electoral redistributions after 1964 indicated that the Country Party was losing ground electorally to the Liberals as the rural population declined, and the nature of some parliamentary seats on the urban/rural fringe changed. A proposed merger with the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) under the banner of "National Alliance" was rejected when it failed to find favour with voters at the 1974 state election.
Also in 1974, the Northern Territory members of the party joined with its Liberal party members to form the independent Country Liberal Party. This party continues to represent both parent parties in that territory. A separate party, the Joh-inspired NT Nationals, competed in the 1987 election with former Chief Minister Ian Tuxworth winning his seat of Barkly by a small margin. However, this splinter group were not endorsed by the national executive and soon disappeared from the political scene.[11]
Countrymindedness[edit]
"Countrymindedness" was a slogan that summed up the ideology of the Country Party from 1920 through the early 1970s.[12] It was an ideology that was physiocratic, populist, and decentralist; it fostered rural solidarity and justified demands for government subsidies. "Countrymindedness" grew out of the failure of the country areas to participate in the rapid economic and population expansions that occurred after 1890. The growth of the ideology into urban areas came as most country people migrated to jobs in the cities. Its decline was due mainly to the reduction of real and psychological differences between country and city brought about by the postwar expansion of the Australian urban population and to the increased affluence and technological changes that accompanied it.[13][14]
National Country Party, and National Party[edit]
In 1975 the Country Party changed its name to the National Country Party as part of a strategy to expand into urban areas. This had some success in Queensland under Joh Bjelke-Petersen, but nowhere else. In Western Australia, the party briefly walked out of the coalition agreement in Western Australia in May 1975, returning within the month. However, the party split in two over the decision and other factors in late 1978, with a new National Party forming and becoming independent, holding three seats in the Western Australian lower house, while the National Country Party remained in coalition and also held three seats. They reconciled after the Burke Labor government came to power in 1983.
The 1980s were dominated by the feud between Bjelke-Petersen and the federal party leadership. Bjelke-Petersen briefly triumphed in 1987, forcing the Nationals to tear up the Coalition agreement and support his bid to become Prime Minister. The "Joh for Canberra" campaign backfired spectacularly when a large number of three-cornered contests allowed Labor to win a third term under Bob Hawke. It also proved to be the Queensland Nationals' last hurrah; Bjelke-Petersen was forced into retirement a few months after the federal election, and his party was heavily defeated in 1989. The Nationals experienced difficulties in the late 1990s from two fronts – firstly from the Liberal Party, who were winning seats on the basis that the Nationals were not seen to be a sufficiently separate party, and from the One Nation Party riding a swell of rural discontent with many of the policies such as multiculturalism and gun control embraced by all of the major parties. The rise of Labor in formerly safe National-held areas in rural Queensland, particularly on the coast, has been the biggest threat to the Queensland Nationals.
State parties[edit]
Queensland[edit]
Queensland is the only state in which the Nationals have consistently been the stronger coalition partner. The Nationals were the senior partner in the non-Labor Coalition from 1925 until the Coalition was broken in 1983. At the 1983 state election, the Nationals under Joh Bjelke-Petersen came up one seat short of a majority, but later gained a majority when two Liberal members crossed the floor to join the Nationals. The Nationals then governed in their own right until 1989.
The continued success of the Australian Labor Party at a state level has put pressure on the Nationals' links with the Liberal Party, their traditional coalition partner. In most states, the Coalition agreement is not in force when the parties are in opposition, allowing the two parties greater freedom of action.
In Queensland the National Party merged with the Liberal Party forming the Liberal National Party (LNP) in 2008. The LNP led by Lawrence Springborg went on to lose the March 2009 election to Anna Bligh's Australian Labor Party. However, in the Queensland state election, 2012, the LNP defeated the Labor Party in a landslide, but lost government in 2015.
South Australia[edit]
In South Australia, for the first time in the Nationals' history, in 2002 the single Nationals member in the House of Assembly entered the Rann Labor Government as a Minister forming an informal coalition between the two parties. Since the 2010 South Australian State election, the Nationals in South Australia have no representative in either the House of Assembly or the Upper House or at a Federal level. There existed a distinctly different Country Party in South Australia which merged with the Liberal Federation to become the Liberal and Country League in 1932.
Western Australia[edit]
Western Australia's National Party chose to assert its independence after an acrimonious co-habitation with the Liberals on the 2005 campaign trail. Unlike its New South Wales and Queensland counterparts, the WA party had decided to oppose Liberal candidates in the 2008 election. The party aimed to hold the balance of power in the state "as an independent conservative party" ready to negotiate with the Liberals or Labor to form a minority government. After the election, the Nationals negotiated an agreement to form a government with the Liberals and an independent MP, though not described as a "traditional coalition" due to the reduced cabinet collective responsibility of National cabinet members.[15]
Western Australia's one-vote-one-value reforms will cut the number of rural seats in the state assembly to reflect the rural population level: this, coupled with the Liberals' strength in country areas has put the Nationals under significant pressure.
Victoria[edit]
The Nationals were stung in early 2006, when their only Victorian senator, Julian McGauran, defected to the Liberals and created a serious rift between the Nationals and the Liberals.[16] Several commentators believed that changing demographics and unfavourable preference deals would demolish the Nationals at the state election that year, but they went on to enjoy considerable success by winning two extra lower house seats. The Nationals were in a coalition government with the Liberals at a State level in Victoria until their defeat at the 2014 election. Following the election, the ABC reported that the coalition parties would "review" whether to continue their joint working arrangement into opposition.[17] However, both outgoing Nationals leader Peter Ryan and incoming Liberal leader Matthew Guy indicated they felt the coalition should continue.[18][19]
Political role[edit]
The Nationals see their main role as giving a voice to Australians who live outside the country's metropolitan areas.
Traditionally, the leader of the National Party serves as Deputy Prime Minister when the Coalition is in government. This tradition dates back to the creation of the office in 1968.
The National Party's support base and membership are closely associated with the agricultural community. Historically anti-union, the party has vacillated between state support for primary industries ("agrarian socialism") and free agricultural trade and has opposed tariff protection for Australia's manufacturing and service industries. This vacillation prompted those opposed to the policies of the Nationals to joke that its real aim was to "capitalise its gains and socialise its losses!". It is usually pro-mining, pro-development, and anti-environmentalist.
The Nationals vote is in decline and its traditional supporters are turning instead to prominent independents such as Bob Katter, Tony Windsor and Peter Andren in Federal Parliament and similar independents in the Parliaments of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, many of whom are former members of the National Party. In fact at the 2004 Federal election, National Party candidates received fewer first preference votes than the Australian Greens.
Demographic changes are not helping, with fewer people living and employed on the land or in small towns, the continued growth of the larger provincial centres, and, in some cases, the arrival of left-leaning "city refugees" in rural areas. The Liberals have also gained support as the differences between the coalition partners on a federal level have become invisible. This was highlighted in January 2006, when Nationals Senator Julian McGauran defected to the Liberals, saying that there was "no longer any real distinguishing policy or philosophical difference".[20]
| State Lower House Seats | |
|---|---|
| NSW Parliament |
17 / 93
|
| VIC Parliament |
8 / 88
|
| QLD Parliament |
42 / 89
|
| WA Parliament |
7 / 59
|
In Queensland, Nationals leader Lawrence Springborg advocated merger of the National and Liberal parties at a state level in order to present a more effective opposition to the Labor Party. Previously this plan had been dismissed by the Queensland branch of the Liberal party, but the idea received in-principle support from the Liberals. Federal leader Mark Vaile stated the Nationals will not merge with the Liberal Party at a federal level. The plan was opposed by key Queensland Senators Ron Boswell and Barnaby Joyce, and was scuttled in 2006. After suffering defeat in the 2006 Queensland poll, Lawrence Springborg was replaced by Jeff Seeney, who indicated he was not interested in merging with the Liberal Party until the issue is seriously raised at a Federal level.
Support for the Nationals in the 2006 Victorian state election was considerable with the party picking up two extra seats in the Lower House to maintain its total representation of 11 sitting members (two Upper House seats were lost, mostly due to a change from preferential to proportional representation). This success can be attributed to a more assertive National Party image (a differentation to that of the Liberals) and the growing popularity of state and federal Nationals identities such as Barnaby Joyce.
In September 2008, Barnaby Joyce replaced CLP Senator and Nationals deputy leader Nigel Scullion as leader of the Nationals in the Senate, and stated that his party in the upper house would no longer necessarily vote with their Liberal counterparts in the upper house, which opened up another possible avenue for the Rudd Labor Government to get legislation through.[21][22]
Liberal/National merger[edit]
Merger plans came to a head in May 2008, when the Queensland state Liberal Party gave an announcement not to wait for a federal blueprint but instead to merge immediately. The new party, the Liberal National Party, was founded in July 2008.
Historical electoral results[edit]
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1922 | Earle Page | 197,513 | 12.5 |
14 / 75
|
 14 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1925 | Earle Page | 313,363 | 10.7 |
13 / 75
|
 1 |
 3rd |
Coalition |
| 1928 | Earle Page | 271,686 | 10.4 |
13 / 75
|
0 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1929 | Earle Page | 295,640 | 10.2 |
10 / 75
|
3 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1931 | Earle Page | 388,544 | 12.2 |
16 / 75
|
6 |
2nd |
Coalition |
| 1934 | Earle Page | 447,968 | 12.6 |
14 / 74
|
2 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1937 | Earle Page | 560,279 | 15.5 |
16 / 74
|
2 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1940 | Archie Cameron | 531,397 | 13.7 |
13 / 74
|
3 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1943 | Arthur Fadden | 287,000 | 6.9 |
7 / 74
|
6 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1946 | Arthur Fadden | 464,737 | 10.7 |
11 / 76
|
4 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1949 | Arthur Fadden | 500,349 | 10.8 |
19 / 121
|
8 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1951 | Arthur Fadden | 443,713 | 9.7 |
17 / 121
|
2 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1954 | Arthur Fadden | 388,171 | 8.5 |
17 / 121
|
0 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1955 | Arthur Fadden | 347,445 | 7.9 |
18 / 122
|
1 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1958 | John McEwen | 465,320 | 9.3 |
19 / 122
|
1 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1961 | John McEwen | 446,475 | 8.5 |
17 / 122
|
2 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1963 | John McEwen | 489,498 | 8.9 |
20 / 122
|
3 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1966 | John McEwen | 561,926 | 9.8 |
21 / 124
|
1 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1969 | John McEwen | 523,232 | 8.5 |
20 / 125
|
1 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1972 | Doug Anthony | 622,826 | 9.4 |
20 / 125
|
0 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1974 | Doug Anthony | 736,252 | 9.9 |
21 / 127
|
1 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1975 | Doug Anthony | 869,919 | 11.2 |
23 / 127
|
2 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1977 | Doug Anthony | 793,444 | 10.0 |
19 / 124
|
4 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1980 | Doug Anthony | 745,037 | 8.9 |
20 / 125
|
1 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1983 | Doug Anthony | 799,609 | 9.2 |
17 / 125
|
3 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1984 | Ian Sinclair | 921,151 | 10.6 |
21 / 148
|
4 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1987 | Ian Sinclair | 1,060,976 | 11.5 |
19 / 148
|
2 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1990 | Charles Blunt | 833,557 | 8.4 |
14 / 148
|
5 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1993 | Tim Fischer | 758,036 | 7.1 |
16 / 147
|
2 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 1996 | Tim Fischer | 893,170 | 7.1 |
18 / 148
|
2 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 1998 | Tim Fischer | 588,088 | 5.2 |
16 / 148
|
3 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 2001 | John Anderson | 643,926 | 5.6 |
13 / 150
|
3 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 2004 | John Anderson | 690,275 | 5.8 |
12 / 150
|
1 |
3rd |
Coalition |
| 2007 | Mark Vaile | 682,424 | 5.4 |
10 / 150
|
2 |
3rd |
Opposition |
| 2010 | Warren Truss | 419,286 | 3.4 |
6 / 150
|
4 |
4th |
Opposition |
| 2013 | Warren Truss | 554,268 | 4.2 |
9 / 150
|
3 |
4th |
Coalition |
Country/National parliamentary leaders[edit]
| Order | Name | Term began | Term ended | Time in office | Term as Prime Minister |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | McWilliams, WilliamWilliam McWilliams | 24 February 1920 | 5 April 1921 | 1 year, 40 days | |
| 2 | Page, Sir EarleSir Earle Page | 5 April 1921 | 13 September 1939 | 18 years, 161 days | 1939 |
| 3 | Cameron, ArchieArchie Cameron | 13 September 1939 | 16 October 1940 | 1 year, 33 days | |
| 4 | Fadden, Sir ArthurSir Arthur Fadden | 16 October 1940 | 12 March 1958 | 17 years, 147 days | 1939 |
| 5 | McEwen, Sir JohnSir John McEwen | 26 March 1958 | 1 February 1971 | 12 years, 312 days | 1967-1968 |
| 6 | Anthony, DougDoug Anthony | 2 February 1971 | 17 January 1984 | 12 years, 350 days | |
| 7 | Sinclair, IanIan Sinclair | 17 January 1984 | 9 May 1989 | 5 years, 112 days | |
| 8 | Blunt, CharlesCharles Blunt | 9 May 1989 | 6 April 1990 | 332 days | |
| 9 | Fischer, TimTim Fischer | 19 April 1990 | 1 July 1999 | 9 years, 73 days | |
| 10 | Anderson, JohnJohn Anderson | 1 July 1999 | 23 June 2005 | 5 years, 357 days | |
| 11 | Vaile, MarkMark Vaile | 23 June 2005 | 3 December 2007 | 2 years, 163 days | |
| 12 | Truss, WarrenWarren Truss | 7 December 2007 | Incumbent | 7 years, 350 days |
Deputy Leaders[edit]
Shown in chronological order of leadership
| Year | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Edmund Jowett | |
| 1921 | Henry Gregory | |
| 1922 | William Fleming | |
| 1923 | William Gibson | |
| 1929 | Thomas Paterson | |
| 1937 | Harold Thorby | |
| 1940 | Arthur Fadden | Later Prime Minister 1941 |
| 1941 | vacant | |
| 1943 | John McEwen | Later Prime Minister 1967–68 |
| 1958 | Charles Davidson | |
| 1964 | Charles Adermann | |
| 1966 | Doug Anthony | Later Leader |
| 1971 | Ian Sinclair | Later Leader |
| 1984 | Ralph Hunt | |
| 1987 | Bruce Lloyd | |
| 1993 | John Anderson | Later Leader |
| 1999 | Mark Vaile | Later Leader |
| 2005 | Warren Truss | Later Leader |
| 2007 | Nigel Scullion | |
| 2013 | Barnaby Joyce |
Current State Parliamentary Leaders[edit]
| State | Leader | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| NSW | Troy Grant | Deputy Premier of New South Wales since October 2014 |
| NT | Adam Giles1 | Leader and Chief Minister of the Northern Territory since March 2013 |
| QLD | Lawrence Springborg2 | Leader since February 2015 |
| VIC | Peter Walsh | Leader since December 2014 |
| WA | Terry Redman | Leader since November 2013 |
1 In the Northern Territory, the Nationals do not endorse their own candidates. Instead, the Country Liberal Party is their preferred party in the Territory.
2 Queensland is represented by the Liberal National Party of Queensland. This party is the result of a merger of the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party and the Queensland National Party to contest elections as a single party.
The National Party does not stand candidates in Tasmania or the Australian Capital Territory.
Past Premiers[edit]
Queensland[edit]
|
Victoria[edit]
|
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Aitkin, Don. The country party in New South Wales (1972)
- Aitkin, Don. "'Countrymindedness': The Spread of an Idea", ACH: The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia, April 1985, Vol. 4, pp 34–41
- Davey, Paul. The Nationals: the Progressive, Country, and National Party in New South Wales 1919–2006 (2006)
- Davey, Paul. "Politics in the Blood – The Anthonys of Richmond" (2008)
- Davey, Paul. "Ninety Not Out – The Nationals 1920-2010" (2010)
- Davey, Paul. "The Country Party Prime Ministers – Their Trials and Tribulations" (2011)
- Duncan, C.J. "The demise of 'countrymindedness': New players or changing values in Australian rural politics?" Political Geography, Sep 1992, Vol. 11 Issue 5, pp 430–448
- Graham, B. D. "Graziers in Politics, 1917 To 1929", Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, 1959, Vol. 8 Issue 32, pp 383–391
- Leithner, Christian. "Rational Behaviour, Economic Conditions and the Australian Country Party, 1922–1937", Australian Journal of Political Science, July 1991, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 240–259
- Williams, John R. "The Organization of the Australian National Party", Australian Quarterly, 1969, Vol. 41 Issue 2, pp 41–51,
References[edit]
- ^ "National Party Constitution" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ "Truss wins Nationals leadership". Abc.net.au. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ a b Aitkin, (1972); Graham, (1959)
- ^ "That Alleged Country Party". The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser (NSW: National Library of Australia). 4 July 1913. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- ^ a b Neilson, W. (1986) 'McWilliams, William James (1856–1929)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
- ^ B.D. Graham, "Graziers in Politics, 1917 To 1929", Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, 1959, Vol. 8 Issue 32, pp 383–391
- ^ a b Davey (2006)
- ^ Davey (2005)
- ^ J. M. Barbalet, "Tri-Partism In Australia: The Role of the Australian Country Party", Politics (00323268), 1975, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp. 1–11
- ^ Joseph Bindloss, Queensland (2002) p. 24
- ^ Jeremy Moon and Campbell Sharman, Australian politics and government (2003) p. 228
- ^ Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited", (Australian Political Science Association, 1990) online edition
- ^ Don Aitkin, "'Countrymindedness': The Spread of an Idea", ACH: The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia, April 1985, Vol. 4, pp. 34–41
- ^ C.J. Duncan, "The demise of 'countrymindedness': New players or changing values in Australian rural politics?" Political Geography, Sep 1992, Vol. 11 Issue 5, pp. 430–448
- ^ "Labor's clean sweep broken". News.com.au (Sydney). 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.[dead link]
- ^ Libs 'involved' in McGauran defection, The Age, 30 January 2006
- ^ "Victoria election 2014: National Party to 'review' coalition with Liberals in Victoria". ABC News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "Peter Ryan stands down as leader of Victorian National Party". ABC News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "Matthew Guy elected as new Liberal Party leader in Victoria". ABC News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "Senator McGauran quits Nationals – National". Melbourne: theage.com.au. 2006-01-23. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Nationals won't toe Libs' line: Joyce – SMH 18/9/2008". News.smh.com.au. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Nicola Berkovic (2008-09-18). "Leader Barnaby Joyce still a maverick: The Australian 18/9/2008". Theaustralian.news.com.au. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
External links[edit]
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