Sitatunga

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Sitatunga
Sitatunga at Oji Zoo.JPG
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Tragelaphus
Species: T. spekii
Binomial name
Tragelaphus spekii
(Sclater, 1863)
Tragelaphus spekii map.png

The sitatunga or marshbuck (Tragelaphus spekii) is a swamp-dwelling antelope found throughout Central Africa, centering on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, parts of Southern Sudan, Ghana, Botswana, Zambia, Gabon, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya.

Taxonomy[edit]

The scientific name of the sitatunga is Tragelaphus spekii. It had been included in the genus Limnotragus,[2] but the animal is now placed under the genus Tragelaphus and in the family Bovidae. Within Tragelaphus, the bushbuck, sitatunga and nyala are particularly close relatives. The sitatunga is almost indistinguishable from the nyala, except by pelage and spoor. The sitatunga and bushbuck are genetically similar enough to hybridise.[3] Hybrids between the bongo and sitatunga have proved to be fertile.[4][5]

The species was first described by the English explorer John Hanning Speke in 1863.[6][7] Speke first observed the sitatunga at a lake named "Little Windermere" (now Lake Lwelo, located in Kagera, Tanzania). In his book Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, Speke called the animal "nzoé" or "water-boc" (due to its resemblance to the waterbuck), and added in a footnote that the species had been named Tragelaphus spekii by Philip Sclater.[8] However, according to Article 50.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, this is insufficient to state Sclater as the author.[6] Speke pointed out in his book that, though "closely allied" to the waterbuck, the sitatunga lacks stripes and is spotted instead. The toes are long, and the coat well-adapted to its moist habitat.[8]

The sitatunga is more variable in its general characters than any other member of the tribe Strepsicerotini, probably because of their confinement to swampy and marshy habitats.[9] On the basis of physical characteristics such as hair texture, coat colour and the presence or absence of stripes, three subspecies of the sitatunga have been recognised:[10][11]

  • T. s. spekii Speke, 1863; also called East African sitatunga.
  • T. s. gratus P. L. Sclater, 1880; also called forest sitatunga.
  • T. s. selousi W. Rothschild, 1898; also called Zambezi sitatunga.

Description[edit]

The sitatunga is a medium-sized antelope. It is sexually dimorphic, with males considerably larger than females.[12] The head-and-body length is typically between 115–170 cm (45–67 in).[2] Males reach approximately 88–125 cm (35–49 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 75–90 cm (30–35 in). Males typically weigh 70–125 kg (154–276 lb) and females 50–57 kg (110–126 lb).[3] The tail is 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long.[2]

As an adaptation to its swampy and marshy habitat, the sitatunga has a shaggy, water-resistant coat. The coat colour varies geographically, but, in general, is a rufous red in juveniles and chestnut in females.[13] The coats of males darken with age, becoming gray to dark brown.[2] Males develop a rough and scraggy mane, usually brown in colour,[3] and a white dorsal stripe.[2] There is a chevron between the eyes of the males.[14] There are white facial markings, as well as several stripes and spots, though they are only faintly visible.[2] White patches can be observed on the throat, near the head and the chest.[15]

As a prominent sign of sexual dimorphism, only the males possess horns. The spiral horns shown one or two twists, and are 45–90 cm (18–35 in) long. Both horns are tipped with ivory.[13] The pasterns are flexible.[15] The hooves of the male are elongated and widely splayed, serving as another adaptation to the marshy environment. They can reach a length of up to 16 cm (6.3 in) in the hindlegs and 18 cm (7.1 in) in the forelegs.[16] A pair of inguinal scent glands are present.[3]

References[edit]

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Tragelaphus spekii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 29 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Huffman, B. "Sitatunga". Ultimate Ungulate. Retrieved 14 March 2014. 
  3. ^ a b c d Estes, R. D. (2004). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals : Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates (4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 175–7. ISBN 0520080858. 
  4. ^ Koulischer, L.; Tijskens, J.; Mortelmans, J. (1973). "Chromosome studies of a fertile mammalian hybrid: the offspring of the cross bongo × sitatunga (Bovoidea)". Chromosoma 41 (3): 265–70. doi:10.1007/BF00344021. 
  5. ^ Tijskens, J. (January 1968). "Preliminary notes on the F1 Bongo antelope x sitatunga hybrids Taurotragus eurycerus x Tragelaphus spekei at Antwerp Zoo". International Zoo Yearbook 8 (1): 137–9. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1968.tb00464.x. 
  6. ^ a b Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 699. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. 
  7. ^ Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 135. ISBN 1421400936. 
  8. ^ a b Speke, J. H. (1863). Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. England: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 223. 
  9. ^ Leakey, L.S.B. (1965). Olduvai Gorge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN 052105527X. 
  10. ^ "Tragelaphus spekii ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2014. 
  11. ^ de Luna, K. M. (2008). Collecting Food, Cultivating Persons : Wild Resource Use in Central African Political Culture, c. 1000 B.C.E. to c 1900 C.E. ProQuest. p. 182. ISBN 0549899324. 
  12. ^ "Sitatunga". Wildscreen. ARKive. Retrieved 14 March 2014. 
  13. ^ a b Coash, M. "Sitatunga". University of Michigan museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 14 March 2014. 
  14. ^ Vlies, C. V. D. (2010). Southern Africa Wildlife and Adventure. South Africa: Trafford On Demand Publications. p. 145. ISBN 1426919328. 
  15. ^ a b Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1136–7. ISBN 0801857899. 
  16. ^ Liebenberg, L. (2000). A Photographic Guide to Tracks and Tracking in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. p. 121. ISBN 186872008X. 

External links[edit]

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