Mediterranean sea (oceanography)

A mediterranean sea /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ is, in oceanography, a mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds. In English, the similarly-named Mediterranean Sea – which is almost completely enclosed by Europe, Asia, and Africa – is a notable example.

List of mediterranean seas

The mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean

• The namesake Mediterranean Sea including the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Aegean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Ligurian Sea, the Balearic Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Sea of Marmara.
• The Arctic Ocean (or the Arctic Mediterranean Sea, considered an ocean by many)
• The American Mediterranean Sea: the combination of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
• The Baltic Sea
• Baffin Bay

The mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean

• The Persian Gulf
• The Red Sea

The mediterranean sea between the Indian and Pacific Oceans

• The Australasian Mediterranean Sea: the sea enclosed by the Sunda Islands and the Philippines, including the Banda Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Sulawesi Sea, the Java Sea, etc.

Types of mediterranean seas

There are two types of mediterranean sea

Concentration basin

• A concentration basin has a higher salinity than the outer ocean due to evaporation, and its water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.
  • The Red Sea
  • The Persian Gulf
  • The Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea is also a concentration basin as a whole, but the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea are dilution basins (see below) owing to the Danube, Don, and Dnieper Rivers and the Po River respectively.

Dilution basin

• A dilution basin has a lower salinity due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers, and its water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
  • The Arctic Ocean
  • The American Mediterranean Sea
  • The Baltic Sea
  • Baffin Bay
  • The Australasian Mediterranean Sea

Exceptions

• The Hudson Bay is so shallow it functions like a huge estuary.
• Having shallow channels and deep basins, the Sea of Japan could form a mediterranean sea, but the strong currents from the Pacific prevent it from having an independent water circulation.
• The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the Black Sea). It occupies a basin formed by glacial erosion.

References

• Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. (see the site)