Thomson's gazelle

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Thomson's gazelle
2009-thom-gazelle.jpg
Male
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Antilopinae
Genus: Eudorcas
Species: E. thomsonii
Binomial name
Eudorcas thomsonii
Günther, 1884

The Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is one of the best-known gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie".[2] It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, before Eudorcas was elevated to genus status.[3] Thomson's gazelles can be found in numbers exceeding 550,000[1] in Africa and are recognized as the most common type of gazelle in East Africa.[2]

Description[edit]

Thomson's gazelles are 55 to 82 cm (22 to 32 in) tall, body length of 80 to 120 cm (31 to 47 in), and weigh 15 to 25 kg (33 to 55 lb) (females), 20 to 35 kg (44 to 77 lb) (males).[4] They have light brown coats with white underparts and distinctive black stripes on the sides. Their horns are long and pointed with slight curvature. The white patch on their rumps extends to underneath the tail, but no further. Grant's gazelles are sometimes mistaken for Thomson's gazelles. Although some Grant's do have the black stripe running across their sides, the white on their rumps always extends above the tail.

Ecology[edit]

Gazelle herd

The Thomson's gazelle lives in Africa's savannas and grassland habitats, particularly the Serengeti region of Kenya and Tanzania. It has narrow habitat preferences, preferring short grassland with dry, sturdy foundation.[5] It does, however, migrate into tall grassland and dense woodland.[5] Gazelles are mixed feeders.[5] In the wet seasons, they eat mainly fresh grasses,[6] but during the dry seasons, they eat more browse,[6] particularly foliage from bushes, forbs, and clovers.[5]

Thomson's gazelles are dependent on short grass.[6] Their numbers are highly concentrated at the beginning of the rains since the grass grows quickly.[6] They follow the larger herbivores, such as plains zebras and blue wildebeests as they mow down the tall grasses.[6] Then, the gazelles spread out more.[6] In the wild, Thomson's gazelles can live 10–15 years. Their major predators are Tanzanian cheetahs, which are able to attain higher speeds, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more speedily.[7] This small antelope-gazelle can run extremely fast, from 80 km/h (50 mph),[8] to 96 km/h (60 mph)[9] and zigzag, a peculiarity which often saves it from predators. Sometimes they are also chased by leopards, lions and hyenas, but the gazelles are faster and more agile; these predators attack especially the young or infirm individuals. They can also be devoured by crocodiles and pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength.

Social behavior[edit]

Two male gazelles in an agonistic display with females nearby
Gazelle marking grass with its preorbital gland

During the wet season, a time when grass is abundant, adult male gazelles will graze extensively. They spread out more and establish breeding territories.[10] Younger males usually spend their time in bachelor groups, and are prevented from entering the territories.[11] Females form migratory groups that enter the males' territories, mostly the ones with the highest-quality resources.[11] As the female groups pass though and forage, the territorial males may try to herd them, and are usually successful in preventing single females from leaving, but not whole groups.[5][11] Subadult males usually establish dominance through actual combat, while adults are more likely to do rituals.[5] If a bachelor male should be passing through a territorial male's region, the male will chase the offender out of his territory.[5]

When patrolling his territory, a male may use his horns to gore the grass, soil, or a bush.[12] Males will also mark grass stems with their preorbital glands, which emit a dark secretion.[5][12] Territories of different males may share a boundary. When territorial males meet at the border of their territories, they engage in mock fights in which they rush towards each other as if they are about to clash, but without touching.[12] After this, they graze in a frontal position, then in parallel and them in reverse, and move away from each other while constantly grazing.[12] These rituals have no victor, but merely maintain the boundaries of the territories.[12] Territorial males usually will not enter another male's territory. If a male is chasing an escaping female, he will stop the chase if she runs into another territory, but the neighboring male will continue the chase.[12]

Reproduction and parental care[edit]

Male gazelle mounting a female
Fawn hiding in the grass

A male gazelle will follow a female and sniff her urine to find out if she is in estrus, a process known as the Flehmen response. If so, he will continue to court and mount her.[12] Females will leave the herd to give birth to single fawns after a five- to six-month gestation period.[13] They give birth twice yearly with 1–2 fawns.[6] When birthing, a female gazelle crouches as the newborn fawn drops to the ground, tearing the umbilical cord.[14] The mother then licks the fawn clean of amniotic fluid and tissues.[14] In addition, licking possibly also serves to stimulate the fawn’s blood circulation, or to "label" it so its mother can recognize it by scent.[14]

In the first six hours of the fawn'’s life, it moves and rests with its mother, but eventually spends more time away from its mother or hides in the grass.[14] The mother stays in the vicinity of the fawn and returns to nurse it daily. Mother and fawn may spend an hour together before the fawn goes and lies back down to wait for the next nursing.[14] Mother gazelles may associate with other gazelle mothers, but the fawns do not gather into "kindergartens".[14] Mothers will defend their young against jackals and baboons, but not against larger predators. Sometimes, a female can fend off a male baboon by headbutting him with her horns to defend her fawn.

As the fawn approaches two months of age, it spends more time with its mother and less time hiding. Eventually, it stops hiding.[14] Around this time, the fawn starts eating solid food, but continues to nurse from its mother.[14] The pair will also join a herd. Young female gazelles may associate with their mothers as yearlings.[14] Young males may also follow their mothers, but as they reach adolescence, they are noticed by territorial males, so cannot follow their mothers into territories. The mother may follow and stay with him, but eventually stops following him when he is driven away; the male will then join a bachelor group.[14]

Status[edit]

Male gazelle with females

The population estimate is around 550,000. The population had declined 60% from 1978 to 2005.[15] Threats to Thomson’s gazelles are tourist impacts, habitat modification, fire management, and road development.[1] Surveys have reported steep declines (60-70%) over periods of about 20 years dating from the late 1970s in several places, including the main strongholds for the species: Serengeti, Masai Mara, and Ngorongoro.[1]

Cultural references[edit]

References to the Thomson's gazelle were an occasional running gag in Monty Python's Flying Circus.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Eudorcas thomsonii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 18 August 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "iucn" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b "Thomson's Gazelle". African Wildlife Foundation. 
  3. ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. San Diego and London:Academic Press. pp. 411–413. (ISBN 0-12-408355-2)
  4. ^ "Animal Diversity Web: Eudorcas thomsonii Thomson's gazelle". Animal Diversity Web. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pgs. 70-75
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Kingdon, J. (1979). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part. D: Bovids. University Chicago Press, Chicago pgs. 403–413.
  7. ^ "Cheetah cubs vs gazelle - BBC wildlife". YouTube. 
  8. ^ Natural History Magazine (March 1974). The American Museum of Natural History; and James G. Doherty, general curator, The Wildlife Conservation Society
  9. ^ "Maxisciences, le record de vitesse de la gazelle de Thomson a été enregistré à 94,2 km/h". Gentside Découverte. 
  10. ^ Walther, F. R. (1977). "Sex and Activity Dependency of Distances Between Thomson's Gazelles (Gazella Thomsoni Gunther 1884)." Animal Behaviour 25(3): 713-719.
  11. ^ a b c Jarman, P. J. (1974). The Social Organization of Antelope in Relation to their Ecology. Behaviour 48(3-4): 215-267.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Walther, Fritz (1995). In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 1; "Short-tail and Roman", pp. 1-37. Indiana University Press.
  13. ^ Estes, R. D. (1967). The Comparative Behavior of Grant's and Thomson's Gazelles. Journal of Mammalogy 48(2): 189-209.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Walther, Fritz (1995). In the Country of Gazelles, Chapter 6: "On mothers and their young", pp. 94-113. Indiana University Press.
  15. ^ East, R. (1999). African Antelope Database IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Wikispecies has information related to: Gazella thomsonii
  • Gazelles and Their Relatives by Fritz Walther (1984)
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