Piki Mach'ay (Quechua piki flea , mach'ay cave,[ 1] [ 2] "flea cave", also spelled Pikimachay, Piquimachay , where machay means "drunkenness", "to get drunk" or "a spindle packed with thread")[ 1] [ 2] is an archaeological site in the Ayacucho Valley of Peru . Radiocarbon dates from this cave give a human presence ranging from 22,200 to 14,700 years ago,[ 3] but this evidence has been disputed and a more conservative date 12,000 BCE seems possible.[ 4]
Richard S. MacNeish was the first archaeologist to explore Piki Mach'ay.[ 5] Evidence of long-term human occupation has been found at the site, though that evidence still remains controversial.
The cave is part of the Ayacucho complex, a culture defined by several cave sites including Jaya Mach'ay ("pepper cave").[ 6]
Artifacts [ edit ]
Artifacts discovered in the site include unifacial chipped tools, such as basalt and chert tools, choppers, and projectile points, and bone artifacts of horses, camelids (Camelidae ), giant sloths (Megatherium ) dating from 15,000—11,000 BCE.[ 6] [ 7] [ 8]
Agriculture [ edit ]
Piki Mach'ay yielded some of the oldest plant remains in Peru, including an 11,000-year-old bottle gourd .[ 5] Strata from later periods at the site revealed fishtail points, manos, and metates . Plant remains indicate that, before 3000 BCE, amaranth , cotton, gourds, lucuma , quinoa , and squash were cultivated in the Ayacucho Basin before 3000 BCE. By 4000 BCE corn (Zea mays ) and common beans were grown.[ 6] Chili remains date from 5500—4300 BCE. The large amounts of guinea pig bones suggest possible domestication, and llamas may have been domesticated by 4300–2800 BCE.[ 5]
^ a b Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
^ a b Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
^ Jefferson 29
^ Duccio Bonavia, Perú, hombre e historia , vol. I, p. 89.
^ a b c Saunders, Nick. "The Civilising Influence of Agriculture." New Scientist. 13 June 1985: 18. (retrieved 4 June 2011)
^ a b c "Ayacucho complex." Archaeology Wordsmith. (retrieved 3 June 2011)
^ Dillehay, The Settlement of the Americas
^ Humphrey and Stanford, Pre-Llano Cultures of the Americas
References [ edit ]
Chapman, Jefferson. Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History . Knoxville: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1994. ISBN 0-87049-871-1 .
Acaray
Amaru Marka Wasi
Arhuaturo
Asana
Asiru Phat'jata
Aspero
Awila Qhincha Mach'ay
Awkin Punta
Awkillu Waqra
Awkimarka (Apurímac)
Awkimarka (Huánuco)
Awqa Punta
Aya Muqu
Ayamach'ay
Ayawayq'u
Azángaro
Baths of Boza
Bandurria
Buena Vista
Cahuachi
Cajamarquilla
Cao Viejo
Carajía
Caral
Caves of Sumbay
Cerro Baúl
Cerro Pátapo
Cerro Trinidad
Chakamarka
Chan Chan
Chankillo
Chauchilla Cemetery
Chavín de Huantar
Chawaytiri
Chichakuri
Chipaw Marka
Chuqik'iraw
Chuqik'iraw Pukyu
Chuqi Pukyu
Churajón
Chuya
Ch'iqullu
Cota Coca
Cumbe Mayo
El Brujo
El Cañoncillo
El Ingenio
El Paraíso
Garagay
Gran Pajáten
Gran Vilaya
Guitarrero Cave
Hatun Rumiyuq
Hatun Mach'ay
Hatun Misapata
Hatun Uchku
Hatun Usnu
Hatunmarka
Hunqupampa
Inka Mach'ay
Inka Raqay, Apurímac
Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
Inka Tampu, Cajamarca
Inka Tampu, Huayopata
Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
Inka Tunuwiri
Inka Uyu
Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
Inka Wasi, Lima
Inkapintay
Inkill Tampu
Inti Punku
Inti Watana, Ayacucho
Inti Watana, Calca
Inti Watana, Urubamba
Intikancha
Intini Uyu Pata
Intipa Ñawin
Intiyuq K'uchu
Isuq
Jinkiori
Jisk'a Iru Muqu
Kanichi
Killa Mach'ay
Killa Rumi
Killarumiyuq
Kiswar
Kotosh
Kuelap
Kukuli
Kuntur Wasi
Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
Kunturmarka, Pasco
Kuntur Qaqa
Kuntuyuq
Kusichaka valley
Kutimpu
Khichuqaqa
Khuchi Mach'ay
K'allapayuq Urqu
K'anamarka
K'ipakhara
Laguna de las Momias
Lawriqucha
Layzón
Llamachayuq
Llamachayuq Qaqa
Llamayuq
Llamuqa
Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
Llaqtan
Llaqtapata
Machu Pikchu
Machu Pirqa
Machu Pitumarka
Machu Q'inti
Machu Qullqa
Mameria
Maray Qalla
Marayniyuq
Markahirka
Markansaya
Markapukyu
Markawamachuku
Marpa
Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
Mawk'ataray
Mayqu Amaya
Mazur
Mikulla
Millka
Miraflores
Mirq'imarka
Miyu Pampa
Mulinuyuq
Mullu Q'awa
Mulluq'u
Muray
Muyu Muyu
Muyu Urqu
Muyuq Marka
Nazca Lines
Nina Kiru
Ninamarka
Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
Ñust'a Hisp'ana
Pacatnamu
Pachakamaq
Pachatusan
Paiján
Pañamarka
Paracas Candelabra
Paraxra
Patallaqta
Phiruru
Pikillaqta
Pikimach'ay
Pilluchu
Pinkuylluna
Pirqa Pirqa, La Libertad
Pirqa Pirqa, Lima
Pirwalla
Pirwayuq
P'isaq
Puka Pukara
Puka Tampu
Puka Urqu
Pukara, Coporaque
Pukara, Fajardo
Pukara, Puno
Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
Pukarani
Pumamarka, San Sebastián
Pumamarka, Urubamba
Pumaq Hirka
Pumawasi
Punkuri
Puqin Kancha
Puruchuco
Purum Llaqta, Cheto
Purum Llaqta, Soloco
Pusharo
Pusuquy Pata
Phuyupatamarka
Qaqapatan
Qillqatani
Quchapata
Qillqa
Qillqay Mach'ay
Quchapampa
Quiaca
Qullqanpata
Qullqapampa
Qulu Qulu
Qunchamarka
Qunchupata
Quri Winchus
Qurikancha
Qurimarka, Apurímac
Qurimarka, Cusco
Quriwayrachina, Anta
Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
Quriwayrachina, La Convención
Quyllur
Q'arachupa
Qasa Pata
Qhapaq Kancha
Q'illaywasin
Q'inqu
Q'inq'u
Raimondi Stele
Raqch'i
Revash
Rumiqullqa
Rumiwasi
Runayuq
Runkuraqay
Saksaywaman
Sara Sara
Sayaqmarka
Sayhuite
Sechin
Sillustani
Sipán
Suntur
Susupillu
Tambo Totem
Tampu Mach'ay, Cusco
Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
Tampukancha
Tanqa Tanqa
Tantarica
Taqrachullu
Tarawasi
Tarmatampu
Templo del Zorro
The Toads of Wiraqucha
Tikra
Tinyaq
Tipón
Titiqaqa
Toquepala Caves
Toro Muerto
Trinchera
Túcume
Tunanmarka
Tunay Q'asa
Tupu Inka
T'akaq
T'uqu T'uquyuq
Uchkus Inkañan
Ullantaytampu
Urpish
Uskallaqta
Usnu, Ayacucho
Usnu, Huánuco
Usnu Muqu
Usqunta
Uyu Uyu
Venado cautivo
Ventanillas de Otuzco
Ventarron
Vitcos
Wak'a del Dragón
Wak'a Wallamarka
Wak'a de la Luna
Wak'a del Sol
Wak'a of San Marcos
Wak'a of Santa Ana
Wak'a Prieta
Wak'a Pukllana
Wallpayunka
Waman Pirqa
Wamanilla
Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
Wamanmarka, La Convención
Wamp'uy
Wanakawri, Cusco
Wanakawri, Huánuco
Wanqaran
Wanuku Pampa
Waqlamarka
Waqramarka
Waqra Pukara
Waqutu
Warahirka
Waraqayuq
Waraqu Urqu
Warawtampu
Wari ruins
Wari Willka
Waruq
Wat'a, Cusco
Wat'a, Huánuco
Wayna Pikchu
Wayna Q'inti
Wayna Tawqaray
Wayra Punku
Wichama
Wichqana
Wich'un
Wila Wilani
Willka
Willkapampa
Willkaraqay
Willkawaman
Willkawayin
Wiñaw
Wiñay Wayna
Wiraqucha Pirqa
Wiraquchapampa
Yanaca
Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
Yaynu
Yuraq Mach'ay