Voiced velar fricative
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For consonants followed by superscript ˠ, see Velarization.
| Voiced velar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɣ | |||
| IPA number | 141 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɣ |
||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0263 | ||
| X-SAMPA | G |
||
| Kirshenbaum | Q |
||
| Braille |   |
||
|
|||
| Sound | |||
|
|
|||
.svg)
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. It is not found in English today, but did exist in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel. The symbol ɣ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ], though there can be stylistic reasons to not use it in phonetic transcription.
There is also a voiced post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For voiced pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiced palatal fricative.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | бгъьы | [bɣʲə] | 'leaf' | ||
| Adyghe | чъыгы |  [t͡ʂəɣə] (help·info) |
tree | ||
| Alekano | gamó | [ɣɑmɤʔ] | 'cucumber' | ||
| Aleut | agiitalix | [aɣiːtalix] | 'with' | ||
| Angor | ranih |
[ɾɑniɣə] | 'brother' | ||
| Angas | γür | [ɣyr] | 'to pick up' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | غريب | [ˈɣɑriːb] | 'stranger' | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[2] See Arabic phonology |
| Some Iraqi dialects[3] | رأس | [ʁ̟ɑʔs] | 'head' | Post-velar.[3] Corresponds to [r] in other dialects.[3] See Arabic phonology | |
| Asturian | gadañu | [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] | 'scythe' | Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions | |
| Azerbaijani | ağac | [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] | 'tree' | ||
| Basque[4] | hego | [heɣo] | 'wing' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
| Catalan[5] | figuera | [fiˈɣeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | гӀала / ġala | [ɣaːla] | 'town' | ||
| Czech | bych byl | [bɪɣ bɪl] | 'I would be' | Allophone of /x/. See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Older Standard[6][7] | talg | [ˈtˢalˀɣ] | 'tallow' | More often an approximant [ɰ].[6] Depending on the environment, it corresponds to [ʊ̯], [ɪ̯] or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.[7] See Danish phonology |
| Dawsahak | ? | [zoɣ] | 'war' | ||
| Dinka | ɣo | [ɣo] | 'us' | ||
| Dutch | Netherlandic | liegen | [ˈliɣə(n)] | 'to lie' | Intervocallic allophone of [χ ~ x], written ⟨g⟩. See Dutch phonology |
| Some dialects | gaan | [ɣaːn] | 'to go' | More common in northern dialects.[8] See Dutch phonology | |
| Georgian[9] | ღარიბი | [ɣɑribi] | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar or uvular | |
| German[10][11] | damalige | [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] | 'former' | Intervocalic allophone of /g/ in casual speech.[10][11] See German phonology | |
| Ghari | cheghe | [tʃeɣe] | 'five' | ||
| Greek | γάλα/gála | [ˈɣɐlɐ] | 'milk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | વાઘણ | [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] | 'tigress' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Gweno | [ndeɣe] | 'bird' | |||
| Gwich’in | videeghàn | [viteːɣân] | 'his/her chest' | ||
| Haitian Creole | diri | [diɣi] | 'rice' | ||
| Hän | dëgëghor | [təkəɣor] | 'I am playing' | ||
| Hebrew | Yemenite | מִגְדָּל | [miɣdal] | 'tower' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindi[12] | ग़रीब | [ɣ̄əriːb] | 'poor' | Post-velar.[12] See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Icelandic | saga | [ˈsaːɣaː] | 'saga' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | dhorn | [ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] | 'fist' | See Irish phonology | |
| Istro-Romanian[13] | gură | [ɣurə][stress?] | 'mouth' | Corresponds to [g][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Iwaidja | [mulaɣa] | 'hermit crab' | |||
| Japanese[14] | はげ/hage | [haɣe] | 'baldness' | Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | гын | [ɣən] (help·info) |
'powder' | ||
| Lezgian | гъел | [ɣel] | 'sleigh' | ||
| Limburgish[15][16][17][18] | gaw | [ɣɑ̟β̞] | 'quick' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
| Lithuanian | humoras | [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] | 'humour' | Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Malay | Kelantan dialect | راماي/ramai | [ɣamaː] | 'crowded (with people)' | /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology |
| Terengganu dialect | |||||
| Negeri Sembilan dialect | [ɣamai̯] | ||||
| Pahang dialect | [ɣamɛ̃ː] | ||||
| Sarawak dialect | [ɣamɛː] | ||||
| Macedonian | Berovo accent | дувна | [ˈduɣna] | 'it blew' | Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology |
| Bukovo accent | глава | [ˈɡɣa(v)a] | 'head' | Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect | |
| Navajo | ’aghá | [ʔaɣa] | 'best' | ||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Northern Qiang | ? | [ɣnəʂ] | 'February' | ||
| Occitan | Gascon | digoc | [diˈɣuk] | 'said (3sg.)' | |
| Pashto | غاتر | [ɣɑtər] | 'mule' | ||
| Persian | حقیقت | [hæɣiːˈɣæt] | 'truth' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | niechże | [ˈɲeɣʐɛ] | 'let [intensified]' (imperative particle) | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[19][20] | agora | [əˈɣɔɾə] | 'now' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some Brazilian dialects[21] | mármore | [ˈmaɣmuɾi] | 'marble', 'sill' | Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants. | |
| Punjabi | ਗ਼ਰੀਬ | [ɣəɾiːb] | 'poor' | ||
| Ripuarian | Colognian[citation needed] | ? | [ˈnɔɣ‿ən] | 'another one' | Allophone of word-final /x/; occurs only immediately before a word that starts with a vowel.[citation needed] See Colognian phonology |
| Kerkrade dialect[22] | vroage | [ˈvʁoə̯ɣə] | [translation needed] | Occurs only after back vowels.[22] | |
| Romani | γoines | [ɣoines] | 'good' | ||
| Russian | Southern | дорога | [dɐˈro̞ɣa] | 'road' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard |
| Standard | угу | [uɣu] | 'uh-huh' | Usually nasal, /g/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | súghere | [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] | 'to suck' | Allophone of /ɡ/ |
| Scottish Gaelic | laghail | [ɫ̪ɤɣal] | 'lawful' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[23] | ових би / ovih bi | [ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi] | 'of these... would' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sindhi | غم | [ɣəmʊ] | 'sadness' | ||
| Spanish | amigo | [ˌäˈmiɣo̞] | 'friend' | Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ghali | [ɣali] | 'expensive' | ||
| Swedish | Westrobothnian[24] | jag | [jɑ̝ːɣ] | 'I' | Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions. |
| Tajik | ғафс | [ɣafs] | 'thick' | ||
| Tamazight | aɣilas (aghilas) | [aɣilas] | 'leopard' | ||
| Turkish | ağa | [aɣa] | 'agha' | Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology | |
| Tutchone | Northern | ihghú | [ihɣǔ] | 'tooth' | |
| Southern | ghra | [ɣra] | 'baby' | ||
| Ukrainian | голос | [ˈɣolos] | 'voice, vote' | More commonly used than the standardized form [ɦ]. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | غریب | [ɣəriːb] | 'poor' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Uzbek[25] | ёмғир/yomgʻir | [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] | 'rain' | Post-velar.[25] | |
| Vietnamese[26] | ghế | [ɣe˧˥] | 'chair' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | drage | [ˈdraːɣə] | 'to carry' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Yi | ꊋ/we | [ɣɤ˧] | 'win' | ||
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ a b c Watson (2002), p. 16.
- ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
- ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:123)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:211–212)
- ^ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands." (PDF). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159–181 (in Dutch). Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
- ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ a b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 95.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:17)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ http://runeberg.org/nfaq/0347.html
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
Bibliography[edit]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies) 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge
- Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
External links[edit]
- Recordings of the voiced and voiceless velar fricatives are also available at IPA Consonants
