No true Scotsman
No true Scotsman is an informal fallacy, an ad hoc attempt to retain an unreasoned assertion.[1] When faced with a counterexample to a universal claim ("no Scotsman would do such a thing"), rather than denying the counterexample or rejecting the original claim, this fallacy modifies the subject of the assertion to exclude the specific case or others like it by rhetoric, without reference to any specific objective rule ("no true Scotsman would do such a thing").[2]
Contents
Examples[edit]
Bradley Dowden explains the fallacy as an “ad hoc rescue” of a refuted generalization attempt.[1] The following is an example of the fallacy:[3]
- Person A: "No Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge."
- Person B: "But my uncle Angus likes sugar with his porridge."
- Person A: "Ah yes, but no true Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge."
The essayist Spengler compared distinguishing between "mature" democracies, which never start wars, and "emerging democracies", which may start them, with the "No true Scotsman" fallacy. Spengler alleges that "political scientists" have attempted to save the "US academic dogma" that democracies never start wars from counterexamples by maintaining that no true democracy starts a war.[3]
Origin[edit]
The introduction of the term is attributed[4] to British philosopher Antony Flew, who in his 1975 book, Thinking About Thinking, wrote:[2]
Imagine Hamish McDonald, a Scotsman, sitting down with his Glasgow Morning Herald and seeing an article about how the "Brighton (England) Sex Maniac Strikes Again". Hamish is shocked and declares that "No Scotsman would do such a thing". The next day he sits down to read his Glasgow Morning Herald again; and, this time, finds an article about an Aberdeen (Scotland) man whose brutal actions make the Brighton sex maniac seem almost gentlemanly. This fact shows that Hamish was wrong in his opinion, but is he going to admit this? Not likely. This time he says: "No true Scotsman would do such a thing".
See also[edit]
- Ad hoc rescue
- Begging the question
- Epistemic commitment
- Equivocation
- Loaded language
- Moving the goalposts
- Persuasive definition
- Reification (fallacy)
- Special pleading
- Tautology (rhetoric)
References[edit]
- ^ a b No True Scotsman, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ a b Flew, Antony (1975), Thinking About Thinking: Do I Sincerely Want to Be Right?, London: Collins Fontana, p. 47, ISBN 978-0-00-633580-1
- ^ a b Goldman, David P. (31 Jan 2006). "No true Scotsman starts a war". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
political-science professors... Jack Mansfield and Ed Snyder distinguish between "mature democracies", which never, never start wars ("hardly ever", as the captain of the Pinafore sang), and "emerging democracies", which start them all the time, in fact far more frequently than do dictatorships
- ^ "Obituary: Prof. Antony Flew", The Scotsman, 16 April 2010
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