A manifesto is a published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus and/or promotes a new idea with prescriptive notions for carrying out changes the author believes should be made. It often is political or artistic in nature, but may present an individual's life stance . Manifestos relating to religious belief are generally referred to as creeds .
Etymology [ edit ]
It is derived from the Italian word manifesto , itself derived from the Latin manifestum , meaning clear or conspicuous. Its first recorded use in English is from 1620, in Nathaniel Brent 's translation of Paolo Sarpi 's History of the Council of Trent : "To this citation he made answer by a Manifesto " (p. 102). Similarly, "They were so farre surprised with his Manifesto, that they would never suffer it to be published " (p. 103)[ 5]
Notable manifestos [ edit ]
Political [ edit ]
Examples of notable manifestos:
The Baghdad Manifesto (1011)
The Act of Abjuration (1581)
The United States Declaration of Independence (1776)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) during the French Revolution
The Haitian Declaration of Independence (1804) after the Haitian Revolution
The Cartagena Manifesto (1812), by Simón Bolívar
The Tamworth Manifesto issued in 1834 by Sir Robert Peel
The Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
The Communist Manifesto (1848), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Anarchist Manifesto (1850), by Anselme Bellegarrigue .
The 1890 Manifesto dealing with plural marriage , issued by Wilford Woodruff as president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .
The Second Manifesto dealing with plural marriage, issued by Joseph F. Smith as president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The October Manifesto (1905) issued by Nicholas II , in an effort to cease the 1905 Russian Revolution
The Manifesto of the Sixteen (1916)
The Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria , (1917) by Dr. Freydun Atturaya
The Liminar Manifesto in the Argentine University Revolution (1918)
The Amasya Circular (1919)
The Fascist Manifesto (1919), by Fasci di Combattimento
The Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals (1925), by Benedetto Croce
Mein Kampf (My Struggle) (1925), by Adolf Hitler
The Cannibal Manifesto (1928), by Oswald de Andrade
The Regina Manifesto (1933), by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
The Humanist Manifesto I, II and III (1933, 1973, 2003)
The PKWN manifesto (1944), by Polish Committee of National Liberation
The Oxford Manifesto (1947) describing the basic principles of Liberal International
The Objectives Resolution of Pakistan (1949), by Liaquat Ali Khan
The Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955), against nuclear weapons and war
The Southern Manifesto (1956), opposing the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education
Report on the Construction of Situations (1957), by Guy Debord
The Manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian War (1960)
The Sharon Statement (1960), by M. Stanton Evans et al. (Young Americans for Freedom )
The Port Huron Statement (1962), by Tom Hayden et al.
The SCUM Manifesto (1968), by Valerie Solanas
The Manifesto of the 343 (1971) in which 343 French women admitted to having a (then illegal) abortion
The Green Book (Libya) (1975), by Muammar Gaddafi
For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973), by Murray Rothbard
New Libertarian Manifesto (1980), by Samuel Edward Konkin III
Guy Verhofstadt 's Burgermanifests : I (1981); II (1991); III (1994); IV (2006)
A Cyborg Manifesto (1985), by Donna Haraway
The Contract with America (1994), by the Republican candidates for the House of Representatives
De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars (2002), by Pim Fortuyn
The Companion Species Manifesto (2003), by Donna Haraway
Manifesto on Freedom and Democracy for Vietnam (2006) by Bloc 8406
The Euston Manifesto (2006) by Euston Manifesto Group
Liberty and Tyranny: A Conservative Manifesto (2009) by Mark Levin
The Revolution: A Manifesto (2009) by Ron Paul
The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto (2012) by Tavis Smiley and Cornel West
Artistic [ edit ]
1
IERE MANIFESTE DE LA REVUE D'ART "LE STYLE" [
sic ], published in 1918
The Futurist Manifesto (1909), by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Du "Cubisme" (1912), by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger
The Art of Noises (1913), by Luigi Russolo
The Abomunist Manifesto (1959) by Bob Kaufman
The Futurist Architecture Manifesto (1914), by Antonio Sant'Elia
BLAST the Vorticist manifesto (1914), by Wyndham Lewis
Feminist Manifesto (1914), by Mina Loy
The Dada Manifesto (1918), by Tristan Tzara
The Dada Manifesto (1918), by Hugo Ball
The Surrealist Manifesto (1924), by André Breton
The Symbolist Manifesto (1886), by Jean Moreas
The Free Cinema Manifesto (1956) by Lindsay Anderson Karel Reisz Tony Richardson Lorenza Mazzetti
Fluxus manifesto (1961) by George Maciunas
The Romantic Manifesto (1969) by Ayn Rand
Manifesto of Poetic Eggs , in "Empire of Dreams," (1998 in Spanish, 1994 in English) by Giannina Braschi
Dogma 95 (1995) by Lars von Trier , Thomas Vinterberg , Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen
Manifesto of Transdisciplinarity [ 6] (1996) by Basarab Nicolescu
Minnesota declaration :[ 7] truth and fact in documentary cinema (1999), by Werner Herzog
First Things First 2000 manifesto : Ethics and social responsibility in graphic design (1999), by Kalle Lasn & Chris Dixon with Ken Garland . Edited by Rick Poynor
The Neofuturistic City Manifesto [ 8] (2007), by Vito Di Bari [ 9]
The Versatilist manifesto (2007),[ 10] by Denis Mandarino
"Political Erotical Mystical Manifesto " (2011), by Kendell Geers [ 11]
Scientific and Educational [ edit ]
Professional [ edit ]
Technology [ edit ]
The GNU Manifesto (1985), by Richard Stallman , an explanation and definition of the goals of the GNU Project
The Hacker's Manifesto (1986), by The Mentor aka Loyd Blankenship
The Debian Manifesto [ 13] (1993), by Ian Murdock
A Cypherpunk's Manifesto [ 14] (1993) by Eric Hughes
Industrial Society and Its Future , otherwise known as the Unabomber Manifesto (1995), by Ted Kaczynski
The Third Manifesto (1995), by Christopher J. Date and Hugh Darwen , a proposal for relational database management system
The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997), by Eric S. Raymond
The Cluetrain Manifesto (1999) by Rick Levine, Christopher Locke, Doc Searls and David Weinberger
The Agile Manifesto (2001)
Pluginmanifesto (2001) by Ana Kronschnabl, a Web film statement
The Hacktivismo Declaration (2001) by Oxblood Ruffin (Hacktivismo )
The Mozilla Manifesto [ 15] (2007), by Mozilla community
Principles of Programming Languages [ 16] (2007), by Robert Harper
You Are Not A Gadget: A Manifesto (2010), by Jaron Lanier
The Hardware Hacker Manifesto [ 17] (2010), by Cody Brocious
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Merriam-Webster online dictionary definition of Manifesto .
^ [1] Archived December 18, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Dictionary.com definition of Manifesto .
^ David Robertson, The Routledge Dictionary of Politics , Edition 3, Psychology Press, 2004, p. 295 , ISBN 0415323770 , 9780415323772
^ Oxford English Dictionary
^ "La Transdisciplinarité - Manifeste" . Nicol.club.fr. Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
^ "Werner Herzog Film: Home" . Wernerherzog.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
^ "Manifesto of Neo-Futuristic City" . Neofuturistic.com. Retrieved August 18, 2014 .
^ "The Neofuturistic City Manifesto released online" . Architecturelab.net. July 13, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014 .
^ Luko, C. S. (2011). "Reflections on the versatilist manifesto" (in Portuguese). USP . Retrieved 2014-09-13 .
^ Critical Arts: A Journal of South-North Cultural and Media Studies 27(6), An Van Dienderen & Kris Rutten, 2013, p. 655-660.
^ "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it" . Retrieved March 30, 2013 .
^ "A Brief History of Debian - The Debian Manifesto" . Debian.org. December 31, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
^ "A Cypherpunk's Manifesto" .
^ "The Mozilla Manifesto" . Mozilla.org. Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
^ "15-312 Principles of Programming Languages" . Cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
^ "The Hardware Hacker Manifesto - I, Hacker" . Daeken.com. Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
External links [ edit ]