Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk

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Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk

Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk (20 June 1771 – 8 April 1820) was a Scottish peer. He was born at Saint Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. He was noteworthy as a Scottish philanthropist who sponsored immigrant settlements in Canada at the Red River Colony.

Early background[edit]

Douglas was the seventh son of Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk, and his wife Helen Hamilton (1738-1802), granddaughter of Thomas Hamilton, 6th Earl of Haddington. His early education was at the Palgrave Academy, Suffolk.[1] As he had not expected to inherit the family estate, he went to the University of Edinburgh to study to become a lawyer. While there, he noticed poor Scottish crofters who were being displaced by their landlords. Seeing their plight, he investigated ways he could help them find new land in the then British colonies. After his father's death in 1799, Douglas, the last surviving son (two brothers died in infancy, two died of tuberculosis and two died of yellow fever), became the 5th Earl of Selkirk. He established the Red River Colony in 1811 and brought dozens of families from the highlands of Scotland to transform the land at Red River into a farming colony.

Involvement in Canada[edit]

When Thomas unexpectedly inherited the estate, he used his money and political connections to purchase land and settle poor Scottish farmers in Belfast, Prince Edward Island, in 1803 and Baldoon, Upper Canada in 1804. He traveled extensively in North America, and his approach and work gained him some fame; in 1807 he was named Lord-Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright, Scotland, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London.

Landing of the Selkirk Settlers, Red River, 1812

In order to continue his work re-settling Scottish farmers, Selkirk asked the British government for a land grant in the Red River Valley, a part of Rupert's Land.[2] The government refused, as the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) had been granted a fur trading monopoly on that land. However, Selkirk was very determined, and together with Sir Alexander Mackenzie bought enough shares in HBC to let them gain control of the land. This position of power, along with his marriage connections (his wife Jean was the sister of Andrew Wedderburn, a member of the HBC governing committee) allowed him to acquire a land grant called Assiniboia to serve as an agricultural settlement for the company. As part of the agreement for the land grant, Selkirk agreed to supply the Hudson's Bay Company with 200 men each year. He also agreed that the settlers would not be allowed to participate in the fur trade.[3]

As part owner of HBC, Selkirk also wanted to stop the North West Company (NWC) from competing with HBC for furs in the region. By placing the Red River Colony astride the trade routes used by the NWC coureurs des bois, Selkirk could cut off the easy flow of furs. However, the local Métis people who already inhabited the area had long-standing ties with the NWC, and refused to accept Selkirk's control over the area.

The first colonization attempt started in 1812, consisting of 128 men led by the new governor, Miles Macdonell. Arriving late in the season they had just arrived and built homes when the winter cut off any hope of planting, and the colony became reliant on the support of the Métis. Even with a full growing season the next year, the colony never thrived. Because of a shortage of food in 1814, Macdonell issued the Pemmican Proclamation, prohibiting the export of food from the entire area. The Métis, who made a living selling pemmican to the NWC traders, responded by arresting Macdonell and burning the settlement

Robert Semple was appointed as governor of the Red River Colony. By 1816, the violence intensified between the Métis and the newcomers, which resulted in the Battle of Seven Oaks, causing the deaths of 21 of Lord Selkirk's men, including the newly appointed governor, and one Métis.[4] NWC partners were accused of having aided the Métis attackers.

Selkirk and his men responded to the Battle of Seven Oaks by seizing Fort William, a trading post that belonged to the North West Company. In the aftermath, Selkirk was ordered to appear in court in Montreal and was charged with four separate offences, all of which related to the alleged unlawful occupation of Fort William.[5] Selkirk reportedly spent most of his acquired fortune defending himself in court, shortly before his death in 1820 at Pau, France.[6] The two companies were merged in 1821.

Legacy[edit]

Selkirk's colonizing ambitions have been memorialized in the names of the City of Selkirk and the Village of East Selkirk, as well as the Winnipeg neighborhood of Point Douglas, the city's Fort Douglas Park on Waterfront Drive (where Fort Douglas once stood) and Winnipeg's Selkirk Avenue. The City of Selkirk is served by the Lord Selkirk Regional Comprehensive Secondary School, which is administered by the Lord Selkirk School Division.

The Métis peoples cite Lord Selkirk's intrusion as the period in time their identity as a people came into existence. The Métis existed prior to the confrontations with Lord Selkirk's men but their armed resistance to foreign encroachment became a rallying point for their shared identity. A flag and a national anthem were born during this period in time.[7] A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected in Winnipeg, Manitoba by the province to commemorate Lord Selkirk's role in Manitoba's heritage.[8]

Selkirk and John Paul Jones[edit]

At the age of seven, Thomas, Master of Selkirk was almost kidnapped by John Paul Jones. Peter Newman tells the story as follows.[9]

In 1778, John Paul Jones, in the sloop Ranger, was cruising between Scotland and Ireland looking for prizes. Benjamin Franklin had suggested that he might capture a British nobleman to exchange for American prisoners. Having been born near the Selkirk estates, Jones selected the elder Lord Selkirk.

At the last moment, Jones decided not to go himself, but to assign the duty to two lieutenants and a boatload of sailors. As the Americans approached the Selkirk mansion, a governess saw them coming and removed young Thomas to safety. The Americans knocked on the front door and were greeted by the butler. Lady Selkirk came from the breakfast room to see what the fuss was about. She invited the American officers into the drawing room, told the butler to make tea and to find some whiskey for the sailors who were waiting outside. When they explained that they has come to kidnap her husband, Lady Selkirk replied that unfortunately Lord Selkirk was not at home. When Lieutenant Wallingford suggested that instead they might take the young gentleman they saw on the way to the house, Lady Selkirk replied that they would have to kill her first. After more discussion Lady Selkirk suggested that, so that their mission would not be a complete failure, they might steal the family silver. The officers allowed as how that might be the best solution, so Lady Selkirk ordered the butler to provide the American gentlemen with what they needed. He filled a sack half full of coal, filled the top half with silverware and presented it to the officers. After drinking a toast to Lady Selkirk, they returned to their ship and presented their captain with his sack full of coal and silverware.

Jones wrote Lady Selkirk a flowery letter of apology, proposing himself to buy back the booty from the Navy and return it to the Selkirks. Lord Selkirk wrote back that he could not possibly countenance the return of his silver without the consent of the Continental Congress. The objects, which became the subject of protracted legal negotiations, were returned seven years later.

Marriage and issue[edit]

Lord Selkirk married Jean Wedderburn-Colville, sister to Andrew Colville, in 1807, and had issue:

Works[edit]

Further reading[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Douglas, Thomas (1984). Bumsted, J. M., ed. The Collected Writings of Lord Selkirk 1799-1809; Volume I in the Writings and Papers of Thomas Douglas, Fifth Earl of Selkirk (PDF). Winnipeg: Manitoba Record Society. p. 7. ISBN 0-96921011-6. 
  2. ^ DNB00: "Douglas, Thomas (1771-1820)"
  3. ^ Carter, George E. (Winter 1968). "Lord Selkirk and the Red River Colony". Montana: The Magazine of Western History 18 (1): 60–69. Retrieved 10 February 2015. 
  4. ^ Francis, R. Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2000). Origins: Canadian History to Confederation (4th ed.). Toronto: Harcourt Canada. pp. 434–5. ISBN 978-0-17644-243-9. 
  5. ^ Bryce, George (1912). Life of Lord Selkirk. Toronto: The Musson Book Company. p. 81. 
  6. ^ Henderson, Anne Matheson (1968). "The Lord Selkirk Settlement at Red River, Part 2". Manitoba Pageant (Manitoba Historical Society) 13 (2). 
  7. ^ Chartrand, Larry (2004). The Definition of Métis Peoples in Section 35(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982. University of Ottawa - Common Law Section. 
  8. ^ Manitoba Plaque Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk Check |url= scheme (help). Manitoba Heritage Council Commemorative Plaques. 1958. 
  9. ^ Newman, Peter C. (2000). The Empire of the Bay: The Company of Adventurers that Seized a Continent. Penguin. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-14029-987-8. 
  • Phyllis A. Arnold Canada Revisited 8, Arnold Publishing Ltd.

External links[edit]

Honorary titles
Preceded by
The 7th Earl of Galloway		 Lord Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright
1807–1820		 Succeeded by
The 8th Earl of Galloway
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by
Dunbar Douglas		 Douglas hamiltonCoA.png
Earl of Selkirk
1799–1820		 Succeeded by
Dunbar James Douglas
Authority control
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