Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Near-close near-front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɪ | |||
| IPA number | 319 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɪ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+026A | ||
| X-SAMPA | I |
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| Kirshenbaum | I |
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| Braille |  |
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| Sound | |||
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.svg)
| Near-close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɪ̟ |
The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, i.e. a small capital letter i.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for classifying vowels. Some linguists use the terms "high" and "low," respectively, instead of "close" and "open."[citation needed]
Contents
Features[edit]
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
In the following transcriptions, a fully front vowel is represented by the "advanced" diacritic [ɪ̟].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | sitwa | [sɪtwɐ] | 'winter' | Used mostly in the Tyari dialects. [ə] is used predominantly in other dialects. | |
| Chinese | Yue | 冰/bing1 | [pɪŋ˥] | 'ice' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Wu | 一/ih | [iɪʔ˥] | 'one' | ||
| Czech | byli | [ˈbɪlɪ] | 'they were' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[1][2][3][4][5][6] | hel | [ˈhɪ̟ːˀl] | 'whole' | Fully front.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Most often, it is transcribed ⟨e(ː)⟩ - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.[7] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[8] | blik | [blɪ̟k] | 'plate' | Somewhat fronted.[8] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| Rotterdam[9] | bit | [bɪ̟t] | 'bit' | Somewhat fronted;[9] corresponds to [ɘ̟] in standard Dutch.[10][11] See Dutch phonology | |
| The Hague[9] | |||||
| English | Most dialects | bit | [bɪt] (help·info) |
'bit' | See English phonology |
| Australian[12] | [bɪ̟t] | Fully front and somewhat raised, tenser than in most other dialects. See Australian English phonology | |||
| New Zealand | bed | [bɪd] | 'bed' | Some speakers. For others it's more open [e], or even [ɛ], in case of South African English. | |
| South African | |||||
| French | Quebec | petite | [pət͡sɪt] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Southern Bernese | [ˈɣ̊lɪːd̥] | 'cloth' | Corresponds to [ɛi̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | |
| Standard[13][14] | bitte | [ˈbɪtʰə] (help·info) |
'please' | May be somewhat lowered.[13] See German phonology | |
| Hindustani | कि | [kɪ] (help·info) |
'that' (subject/object of a relative clause) | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Irish | duine | [dˠɪnʲə] | 'person' | See Irish phonology | |
| Kaingang[15] | [ɸɪˈɾi] | 'rattlesnake' | Atonic allophone of /i/ and /e/.[16] | ||
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[17] | mìs | [mɪs] | 'wrong' | |
| Weert dialect[18] | zeen | [zɪːn] | 'to be' | Allophone of /eə/ before nasals.[18] | |
| Lithuanian | viltis | [vʲɪlʲˈtʲɪs] | 'hope' | ||
| Luxembourgish[19] | Been | [bɪ̟ːn] | 'leg' | Fully front. May be transcribed /eː/. | |
| Mongolian[20] | ? | [xɪɾɘ̆] | 'hillside' | ||
| Norwegian | litt | [lɪt] | 'a little' | May be fully front. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Plautdietsch | winta | [ˈvɪntə] | 'winter' | ||
| Portuguese | Brazilian[21] | Filipe | [fɪˈlipɪ̥] | 'Filipe' | Corresponds to [i ~ e̞] in Brazil, and /ɨ/ and unstressed /i/ in other national variants. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਨਿੰਬੂ | [nɪmbu] | 'lemon' | ||
| Romanian | Banat dialect[22] | râu | [rɪw] | 'river' | Corresponds to [ɨ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[23] | дерево | [ˈdʲerʲɪvə] (help·info) |
'tree' | Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | thig | [hɪk] | 'come' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Shiwiar[24] | [example needed] | Allophone of /i/.[24] | |||
| Sicilian | arrìriri | [aˈrɪɾiɾi] | 'smile' | ||
| Slovak[25][26][27] | rýchly | [ˈrɪːxlɪ] | 'fast' | Backness varies between front and near-front.[25] See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[28] | mis | [mɪ̟ː] | 'my' (pl.) | Fully front. It corresponds to [i] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[28] | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[29] | sill | [s̪ɪ̟l̪ː] (help·info) |
'herring' | Fully front and lowered, more like [e̝]. See Swedish phonology |
| Turkish[30] | müşteri | [my̠ʃt̪e̞ˈɾɪ] | 'customer' | Allophone of /i/ described variously as "word-final"[30] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[31] See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[32] | ходити | [xoˈdɪtɪ] | 'to walk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[33] | być | [bɪt͡ʃ] | 'to be' | Allophone of /i/ after hard consonants.[33] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | chị | [cɪj˧ˀ˨] | 'elder sister' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | Hindelopers | beast | [bɪːst] | 'animal' | |
| Yoruba[34] | [example needed] | Fully front; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ĩ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ĩ] instead.[34] | |||
Icelandic ⟨i⟩ is often transcribed as /ɪ/, but it is actually close-mid [e].[35][36][37]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2003)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ a b Uldall (1933), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:289)
- ^ a b "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ a b Peters (2010:241)
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:131)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox (2009-08-01). "Australian English Monophthongs". Clas.mq.edu.au. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
- ^ a b Kohler (1999:87)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:37)
- ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ^ Mistrík (1988:13)
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ^ Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 34.
- ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ^ Árnason (2011:60)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
Bibliography[edit]
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- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
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- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685
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