Near-open front unrounded vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Near-open front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| æ | |
| IPA number | 325 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | æ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00E6 |
| X-SAMPA | { |
| Kirshenbaum | & |
| Braille |  |
| Sound | |
|
|
|
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is simply an open or low front unrounded vowel.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of this article follows this preference. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
In practice, /æ/ is sometimes used to represent an open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.
Features[edit]
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view |
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- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | perd | [pæːrt] | 'horse' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before sequences /rs/, /rt/, /rd/ and, in some dialects, before /k x l r/. See Afrikaans phonology |
| Ahtna | kuggaedi | [kʰuk̠æti] | 'mosquito' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[3] | كتاب | [kiˈt̪æːb] (help·info) |
'book' | Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology |
| Azerbaijani | səs | [sæs] | 'sound' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | nata | [næːta] | 'ear' | In some speakers of the Urmia and Jilu dialects; Others may use [a]. Outside these dialects, [ä] is widespread; However, the Tyari dialects may use [ɑ]. | |
| Bengali | এক | [æk] | 'one' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[4][5][6] | Majorcan | sec | [sæk] | 'I sit' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ⟩. See Catalan phonology |
| Minorcan | |||||
| Valencian | |||||
| Danish | Standard[7][8][9][10][11] | Dansk | [ˈd̥ænsɡ̊] | 'Danish' | Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩ - the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[12] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch Low Saxon | Some dialects | dät | [dæt] | 'that' | More back in other dialects. |
| English | Australian[13] | cat | [kʰæt] (help·info) |
'cat' | Contrasts with /æː/; may be higher [ɛ] in broader accents. See Australian English phonology |
| General American[14] | See English phonology | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[15] | Lower [a] for many younger speakers. See English phonology | ||||
| Norfolk[16] | [kʰæ̠t] | Near-front.[16] | |||
| Cockney[17] | town | [tˢæːn] | 'town' | May be lower [aː] or a diphthong [æə̯] instead. It corresponds to /aʊ̯/ in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| Estonian[18] | väle | [ˈvælɛˑ] | 'agile' | Near-front.[18] See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[19] | mäki | [ˈmæki] | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Popular Parisian[20] | tard | [ˈtæʀ] | 'late' | See French phonology |
| Quebec | ver | [væːʁ] (help·info) |
'worm' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[21] See Quebec French phonology | |
| German | Standard[22] | Pointe | [ˈpʰo̯æ̃ːtʰə] | 'punch line' | Nasalized.[22] Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɛ̃(ː)⟩. Present only in loanwords. See German phonology |
| Greek | Macedonia[23] | γάτα/gáta | [ˈɣætæ] | 'cat' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Pontic[24] | καλάθια | [kaˈlaθæ] | 'baskets' | ||
| Thessaly[23] | γάτα/gáta | [ˈɣætæ] | 'cat' | ||
| Thrace[23] | |||||
| Hindi | बैल | [bæl] | 'oxen' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Jalapa Mazatec | tsæ | [tsǣ] | 'guava' | ||
| Lakon[25] | rävräv | [ræβræβ] | 'evening' | ||
| Latvian | ezers | [ˈæz̪ærs̪] | 'lake' | ||
| Lithuanian | eglė | [ˈæːɡʲlʲeː] | 'spruce tree' | ||
| Luxembourgish[26] | Käpp | [kʰæpʰ] | 'heads' | Somewhat lowered. | |
| Norwegian | Bergen[27] | ett | [æt] | 'one' | Corresponds to /æ/ and /ɛ/ in other dialects. May also be pronounced as [ɪ]. See Norwegian phonology |
| Standard Eastern[28] | lær | [l̪æːɾ] | 'leather' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | در | [dær] | 'door' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects[29] | pedra | [ˈpæðɾɐ] | 'stone' | Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some European speakers[30] | também | [tɐˈmæ̃] | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect[31] | dem | [dæm] | [translation needed] | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[31] |
| Romanian | Bukovinian dialect[32] | piele | [pæle][stress?] | 'skin' | Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[32] See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[33] | пять | [pʲætʲ] (help·info) |
'five' | Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sinhala | කැමති | [kæməti] | 'to like' | ||
| Slovak[34] | väzy | [ˈʋæzɪ] | 'ligaments' | Somewhat rare pronunciation, with [ɛ] being more common. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[35][36][37] | ära | [ˈæ̂ːˈɾâ] (help·info) |
'honour' | Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology |
| Stockholm[37] | läsa | [ˈlæ̂ːˈsâ] | 'to read' | Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers. See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish[38] | sen | [s̪æn̪] | 'you' | Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[38] See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | Northern | pha | [fæ] | 'phase' | Some dialects. Corresponds to [a] in other dialects. See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yaghan | mæpi | [mæpi] | 'reed' | ||
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ^ Donaldson (1993:3)
- ^ Holes (2004:60)
- ^ Recasens (1996:81)
- ^ Recasens (1996:130–131)
- ^ Rafel (1999:14)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ Grønnum (2003)
- ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:32)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009c), Roach (2004:242)
- ^ a b Lodge (2009:168)
- ^ Wells (1982:309)
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ "Les Accents des Français". Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ Walker (1984:75)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ a b c Newton (1972:11)
- ^ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
- ^ François (2005:466)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:15)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (Portuguese)
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Eliasson (1986:273)
- ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
- ^ a b Riad (2014:38)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
Bibliography[edit]
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning, Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Holes, Clive (2004), Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 1-58901-022-1
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009c), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Newton, Brian (1972), The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 8, Cambridge University Press
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
- Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
- Revithiadou, Anthi; Spyropoulos, Vassilios (2009), Οφίτικη Ποντιακή: Έρευνα γλωσσικής καταγραφής με έμφαση στη διαχρονία και συγχρονία της διαλέκτου [Ofitika Pontic: A documentation project with special emphasis on the diachrony and synchrony of the dialect] (PDF) (in Greek), John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5
- Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, ISBN 91-520-0284-5
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Walker, Douglas (1984), The Pronunciation of Canadian French (PDF), Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, ISBN 0-7766-4500-5
- Wells, J.C. (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
