List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

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See also: List of wars by death toll, List of battles and other violent events by death toll, and List of natural disasters by death toll

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the lowest estimate of death as well as the highest estimate, the name of the event, the location, and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

Wars, armed conflicts, and genocides[edit]

Main articles: List of wars by death toll and List of genocides by death toll

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and massacres and genocide. Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates.

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of genocide have circulated, partisans of various sides have disputed the interpretation and details of the event, often to the point of promoting different versions of the facts. An accusation of genocide will almost always be controversial. Determining the number of persons killed in each genocide can be just as difficult, with political, religious and ethnic biases or prejudices often leading to downplayed or exaggerated figures. Some of the accounts below may include ancillary causes of death such as malnutrition and disease, which may or may not have been intentionally inflicted.

This is a sortable table. Click on the column sort buttons to sort results numerically or alphabetically. The table is sorted by lowest death toll estimate by default.

Estimated death tolls in millions. Log. mean calculated using simple power law.
Log. mean estimate[1] Lowest estimate Highest estimate Event Location From To Duration (years) Notes, See also
75[2] 65.0[3] 85.0[4] World War II Worldwide 1939 1945 6 years and 1 day World War II casualties (includes worldwide Holocaust and concentration camps deaths). Estimates includes the Second Sino-Japanese War.
55.0 8.4[5] 138.0[6] European colonization of the Americas Americas 1492 1691 199 Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined.[a]
40.0 20.0[11] 100.0[12][13][14] Taiping Rebellion China 1851 1864 14 Dungan Revolt
37.0 36.0[15] 40.0[16] Three Kingdoms China 184 280 96 End of the Han dynasty
35.0 30.0[17] 40.0[18] Mongol conquests Eurasia 1206 1368 163 Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
25.0 25.0[19] 25.0 Qing dynasty conquest of the Ming dynasty China 1618 1683 65 Qing dynasty
21.0 13.0[18] 36.0[20] An Lushan Rebellion China 755 763 9 Medieval warfare
18.0 15.0[21] 21.0 World War I Worldwide 1914 1918 4 years, 3 months, 1 week World War I casualties
Does not include worldwide Spanish flu deaths.
17.0 15.0[22] 20.0[22] Conquests of Timur-e-Lang West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Russia 1369 1405 37 Timurid dynasty
8.4 4.194[23] 17.0
[24][25][26]		 Holocaust Europe 1941 1945 4 Minimum number of Jewish deaths (low estimate), all racially and politically motivated German killing policies (high estimate).[b]
8.0 8.0[27] 8.0 Chinese Civil War China 1927 1949 22 List of civil wars
6.7 5.0[citation needed] 9.0[28] Russian Civil War Russia 1917 1921 5 Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
5.9 3.0 11.5[29] Thirty Years' War Holy Roman Empire 1618 1648 31 Initially Religious war, became a general European political war
4.9 3.5
[citation needed]		 7.0[30] Napoleonic Wars Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean 1803 1815 13 Napoleonic Wars casualties
4.6 3.0[31] 7.0[31] Yellow Turban Rebellion China 184 205 22 Part of Three Kingdoms War
4.5 2.582[32][33][34] 8.0[35] Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933) Ukrainian SSR (and other areas of southern USSR, western Siberia) 1932 1933 1 Agricultural famine and collectivization of Soviet farmers, especially landed Ukrainians, by Stalin's government.
3.7 2.5[36] 5.4[37] Second Congo War Democratic Republic of the Congo 1998 2003 6 First Congo War
2.8 2.3[38] 3.3[39] Hundred Years' War Western Europe 1337 1453 107 Edwardian War (1337-1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53)
2.8 2.0 4.0[40] French Wars of Religion France 1562 1598 37 Religious war
1.7 1.5[18] 2.0[41] Shaka's conquests Southern Africa 1816 1828 13 Ndwandwe–Zulu War
1.7 1.5[42] 2.0[42] War in Afghanistan Afghanistan 1979 2000 22 Soviet–Afghan War, Taliban era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M).
1.7 1.0 3.0[citation needed] Nigerian Civil War Nigeria 1966 1970 4 Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
1.7 1.0[43] 3.0[43] Cambodian Genocide Cambodia 1975 1979 4 War casualties, famine, health system collapse, executions and ethnic cleansing during the Khmer Rouge regime.
1.7 1.0[44] 3.0[45] Crusades Holy Land, Europe 1095 1291 197 Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests.
1.6 1.25[46] 1.85 Punic Wars Mediterranean 264 BC 146 BC 118 Carthage, Roman Republic
1.5[47] 0.8[47] 1.8[47] Armenian Genocide Armenian Highlands 1915 1923 8 First Genocide of the 20th century committed by the Ottoman government on Armenian civilians.
1.5 0.8[48] 3.0[49] Vietnam War Southeast Asia 1955 1975 21 Cold War and First Indochina War
1.4 1.0[50] 2.0 Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan 1983 2005 23 First Sudanese Civil War
1.34 0.4[51] 4.5[51] Korean War Korean Peninsula 1950 1953 4 Categorized as part of the Cold War.
1.2 0.5[52] 3.0[53] Expulsion of Germans after World War II Europe 1945 1950 5 Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
1.1 0.6[42] 2.0[42] Soviet–Afghan War Afghanistan 1980 1988 9 Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War.
1.0 0.89[citation needed] - Du Wenxiu Rebellion China 1856 1873 18
1.0 0.5[54] 2.0[54] Mexican Revolution Mexico, United States 1911 1920 10 Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
1.0 0.5[citation needed] 1.5 Iran–Iraq War Iran, Iraq 1980 1988 9 Includes the Al-Anfal Campaign.
0.94 0.9[citation needed] 1.0 Gallic Wars France 58 BC 50 BC 9 Roman Empire
0.9 0.4[55] 1.7[56][57] Serbian Genocide NDH 1941 1945 4 Includes Serbian deaths in concentration camps in Jasenovac, Jadovno, organized massacres like in Prebilovci etc.
0.79 0.67[58] 0.9[59] American Civil War United States of America 1861 1865 4 Estimates include civilian deaths
0.77 0.2[60] 3.0[60] 1971 Bangladesh genocide East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) 1971 1971 1 Killings by the Pakistani Armed Forces in East Pakistan leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; widely regarded as a genocide against the Bengali people.
0.75 0.45[61] 1.0[62] Greek Genocide Asia Minor 1915 1923 8 Committed by the Ottoman government on Greek civilians.
0.71 0.5[63] 1.0[63] Rwandan genocide Rwanda 1994 1994 1 Part of the Rwandan Civil War.
0.71 0.5 1.0 Spanish Civil War Spain 1936 1939 4
0.6 0.3[64] 1.2[65] Paraguayan War South America 1864 1870 7 Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
0.585 0.272[66] 1.260[66][67][68] War on Terror Greater Middle East 2001 2013 12 Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
0.45 0.4[69] 0.5[70] Ethnic cleansing of Circassians Circassia 1864 1867 3 Deaths during the ethnic cleansing of Circassia by the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russo–Circassian War (1763–1864).
.275[71] 0.15[71] .3[71] Assyrian Genocide Mesopotamia 1915 1923 8 Committed by the Ottoman government on Assyrian civilians.
.25 0.2 .3 Hamidian massacres Armenian Highlands 1894 1896 2 Hamidian massacres - committed by the Ottoman government on Armenian civilians, before the Armenian Genocide.
0.24 0.3[72] 0.4[72] Deluge Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1655 1660 6 The Second Northern War, including subsequent campaigns by the same powers through the 1650s, and skirmishes between Catholic and Protestant partisans.
0.18 0.11[73] 0.25[74] NKVD operation against the Polish people Soviet Union 1937 1938 2 The operation from 1937-38 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union. The crime is considered genocide.[75][76]
0.13 0.06[77][78][79] 0.2[80][81][82] Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Volhyn and Eastern Galicia 1943 1944 2 The ethnic cleansing (regarded also as genocide[83][84]) of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).[85][86][87][88][89]
0.12 0.097207[90][91][92] 0.2[93] Bosnian War Bosnia 1992 1995 3 During the Bosnian War, at least 97,207 people were killed.

Notes:

  1. ^ Spanish Empire, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American disease and epidemics. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Historian Henige says that "the fifteen fold increase from the original population estimates were based on instrument rather than evidence. Newly introduced European diseases became the chief means used to explain a much greater population decline."[7] Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II."[8] "Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."[9] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans. While that research is interesting and important to Native American history, a group of researchers are now exploring wide variations in health of Native Americans before 1492.[10] They say their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."[9]
  2. ^ The low estimate is the minimum number of Jewish deaths, to which some authors limit the definition of "The Holocaust." The upper estimate includes all racially and politically motivated German killing policies during the war, as well as both indirect and direct deaths.

Deadly prisons and camps[edit]

Deaths Name Run by Location Date Notes, references
800,000–1,500,000 Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi Germany Oświęcim, Poland 1940–1945 [94][95]
700,000–1,000,000 Treblinka Nazi Germany Treblinka, Poland 1942–1943 [96][97]
480,000–600,000 Bełżec Nazi Germany Bełżec, Poland 1942–1943 [98][99][100]
130,000–500,000 Kolyma Gulag Soviet Union Kolyma, Soviet Union 1932–1954 [101]
100,000–700,000 Jasenovac NDH Ustaše Croatia 1941–1945 [102][103][104]
85,000[citation needed] Stutthof Nazi Germany Stutthof, Third Reich 1939-1945 Second World War
12,790–75,000 Stara Gradiška NDH Ustaše Croatia 1941–1945 Primarily for women and children[105][106]
26,000–40,000 Second Boer War United Kingdom South African Republic 1900–1902 116,000 Boer women and children; 26,370 died.

Second Boer War#Concentration camps (1900–1902) 115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War [107] 81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse
17,000 Tuol Sleng Democratic Kampuchea Phnom Penh, Cambodia 1975–1979 [108]
13,171 Camp Sumter Confederate States of America Andersonville, Georgia, USA 1864–1865 [109]
12,000 Crveni Krst Nazi regime, Gestapo Niš, Serbia 1941 [110]
2,997 Tammisaari Prison Camp Finland Tammisaari, Finland 1918
2,963 Elmira Prison United States of America Elmira, New York, USA 1864–1865 [111]

Famine[edit]

Main articles: Famine and List of famines

Note: Some of these famines were partially caused by nature.
This section includes famines that were caused or exacerbated by the policies or actions of the ruling regime.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Lowest estimate Highest estimate Event Location From To Notes
15,000,000[112] 55,000,000[113] Great Chinese Famine People's Republic of China 1958 1962 During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[114] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[115]
9,000,000[citation needed] 13,000,000 Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79 China 1876 1879 ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
5,500,000[citation needed] 6,000,000 Great Famine of 1876–78 British India 1876 1878 ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
5,000,000[116] 10,000,000[116] Russian famine of 1921 Soviet Russia 1921 1922 See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka
3,000,000[citation needed] 4,000,000 Bengal famine of 1943 British India 1943 1943 The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports[117]

However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.[118]
2,400,000[119] 2,400,000 Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies Indonesia 1944 1945 An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[119]
2,000,000[citation needed] 3,000,000 Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900 British India 1896 1900 ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
800,000[120] 950,000[121] Cambodian Genocide Cambodia 1975 1979 An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
750,000[122][123] 1,500,000[124] Great Irish Famine[125] Ireland 1846 1849 Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.[126][127]
400,000[128] 2,000,000[129] Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Vietnam 1944 1945 The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[129]
400,000[130] 1,000,000[131] 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia 1983 1985 The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies.[130]
240,000.[132][133] 4,000,000[134] North Korean famine North Korea 1994 1998 The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Estimates of the death toll vary widely. Out of a total population of approximately 22 million, somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997.[132][133] Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[135]
70,000[136] 70,000 Sudan famine Sudan 1998 1998 The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[137]

Floods and landslides[edit]

Main articles: Flood, List of floods, List of deadliest floods, List of natural disasters by death toll § Floods and landslides, Landslide, and List of landslides

Note: These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Rank Death toll Event Location Date
1. 2,500,000–3,700,000[138] 1931 China floods China 1931
2. 900,000–2,000,000[citation needed] 1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood China 1887
3. 500,000–700,000[citation needed] 1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood China 1938
4. 26,000[139]-230,000[140] The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina. China August 1975
5. 145,000[citation needed] 1935 Yangtze river flood China 1935
6. more than 100,000[citation needed] St. Felix's Flood, storm surge Netherlands 1530
7. 100,000[citation needed] Hanoi and Red River Delta flood North Vietnam 1971
8. 100,000[citation needed] 1911 Yangtze river flood China 1911
9. 50,000–80,000[citation needed] St. Lucia's flood, storm surge Netherlands, England 1287
10. 10,000–50,000[citation needed] Vargas Tragedy, landslide Venezuela 1999
11. 2,400[citation needed] North Sea flood, storm surge Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium 31 January 1953
12. 2,209[citation needed] Johnstown Flood Pennsylvania 31 May 1889

Human sacrifice and ritual suicide[edit]

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Lowest estimate Highest estimate Description Group Location From To Notes
300,000[citation needed] 1,500,000[citation needed] Human sacrifice in Aztec culture Aztecs Mexico 14th century 1521 Up to 3,000 sacrificed yearly[141]
13,000[142] 13,100 Human sacrifice Shang dynasty China 1300 BC 1050 BC Last 250 years of rule
12,284[143] 12,284 Suicide bombings during the Iraq War Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) Iraq 2003 2011
7,941[144] 7,941 Ritual suicides Sati India 1815 1828
3,912 3,912 Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[145] Imperial Japan navy and army Pacific theatre 1944 1945
913 913 Jonestown murder-suicide[146] Followers of The Peoples Temple cult Jonestown November 18, 1978 November 19, 1978
967[citation needed] 967 Mass suicide motivated religious and political. Judean rebels Masada Spring 73 CE
804 804 Palestinian suicide attacks Palestinian militants Israel and Palestine July 6, 1989 April 18, 2016 May only include victims

Political Purges (Politicides)[edit]

This section includes events that entail the mass killings of political opposition in what are usually called "Red" or "White" Terrors depending on who's committing them and the type of opposition they target(Red=Communist, White=Anti-Communist/Nationalist). Another term used to refer to these types of killing is politicide. This list is incomplete please help by adding to it. see also Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.

Lowest
estimate		 Highest
estimate		 Event Location From To Notes
681,692[147] 1,700,000[148] Great Purge in the Soviet Union Soviet Union 1936 1938 The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution(especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.
10,000[149] 1,500,000[150] Red Terror during the Russian Civil War Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War 1918 1922 Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
92,462[151] 400,000[152] White Terror (Spain) (la Represión Franquista) Spain 1936 1945 In Spain, the White Terror (also known as la Represión Franquista, the “Francoist Repression”) was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975)[153]
712,000[154] 2,000,000[155][156][157] Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in China People's Republic of China 1950 1951 The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (Chinese: 镇压反革命; pinyin: zhènyā fǎn gémìng; literally: "suppressing counterrevolutionaries" or abbreviated as Chinese: 鎮反; pinyin: zhènfǎn) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.[154]
400,000 3,000,000 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution People's Republic of China 1966 1976 The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.
100,000 2,000,000 Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 Indonesia 1965 1966 Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[158]
50,000 80,000[159] Operation Condor South America 1975 1983 A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States
9,000[160] 30,000[161] Dirty War Argentina 1976 1983 At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).
25,000 40,000 The Reign of Terror France during the French Revolution 1793 1794 The Reign of Terror, was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".

Other deadly events[edit]

Events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications. May include deaths caused by famine, genocide, and other events listed above, as a portion of the total.

Lowest
estimate		 Highest
estimate		 Event Location From To Notes
49,000,000[citation needed] 78,000,000 Mao Zedong era 1949–1976 People's Republic of China 1949 1976 Millions of people died as a result of Mao Zedong's reforms,[162] with most of these deaths due to the Great Chinese Famine caused by mismanagement of agricultural resources during the Great Leap Forward. Millions more died as a result of human rights abuses. The total includes those who died during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, human rights abuses in Tibet, The Great Leap Forward (especially the resulting famine), and the Cultural Revolution. See also Mass killings under communist regimes.
8,000,000[citation needed] 61,000,000[citation needed] Soviet crimes 1917–1953 Soviet Republics (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1953), the East and Center of Europe, Mongolia 1917 1953 Forced collectivization, and poor central planning in the Soviet Republics and Soviet Union led to enormous famines in 1921, 1932–33, and 1946–47. Mass murders were also perpetrated by the leaders of the Soviet Republics between 1917 and 1922 and later on in The Soviet Union during a period of 1922–1953 (until the death of Joseph Stalin). This includes terrors unleashed by Cheka during the Russian Civil War against nations and 'enemies of The Revolution',[163] deaths in Gulags,[164] forced resettlement,[165] Holodomor,[166] Dekulakization,[167] Great Purge,[168] National operations of the NKVD.[169] See also Mass killings under communist regimes.
5,000,000[170] 22,000,000[171] Crimes during Congo Free State 1885–1908 Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1885 1908 Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[172] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[173]
100,000[174][175] 250,000[176][177] War in the Vendée France 1793 1796 Described as genocide by some historians[175] but this claim has been widely discounted.[178] See also French Revolution.
100,000[179] 120,000 Manila Massacre Manila, Philippines 1945 1945 During the Battle of Manila, at least 100,000 civilians were killed.
90,800[citation needed] 202,600 Indonesian occupation of East Timor East Timor 1974 1999 Civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness.[180]
61,007[181] 77,552 Internal conflict in Peru Peru 1980 2000 Internal conflict between the Peruvian Army and guerrilla fighters in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved. All of the armed actors in the war (both terrorists and the Peruvian Army) deliberately targeted and killed civilians, making the conflict more bloody than any other war in Peruvian history since the European colonization of the country.
50,000 60,000[182][183][184] Warsaw Uprising Occupied Poland 5 August 1944 12 August 1944 Polish fatalities in district Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
40,000[185] 350,000[186] Nanking Massacre Nanking, China 1937 1938 The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
15,000 15,000[187] First Sack of Thessalonica Byzantine Empire 904 904 The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
10,000[188][189] 100,000[190][191] Great Fire of Smyrna Smyrna, Ottoman Empire September 9, 1922 September 24, 1922 Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.
0[192] 576,000[193] Sanctions against Iraq Iraq 1990 1998 According to Saddam Hussein's government, sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children.

See also[edit]

Other lists organized by death toll[edit]

Other lists with similar topics[edit]

Topics dealing with similar themes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J. A. Tenreiro (2014). Ferreira, Nuno Miguel Fonseca; Machado, José António Tenreiro, eds. "Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards". Mathematical Methods in Engineering (Springer Netherlands): 173–180. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16. ISBN 978-94-007-7182-6. 
  2. ^ "WWII: The Casualties". Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. 
  3. ^ David Wallechinsky (1996-09-01). David Wallechinskys 20th Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out. Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8. 
  4. ^ Fink, George (2010-11-25). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123813824. 
  5. ^ Pre-Columbian Population
  6. ^ American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015; Page 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90-95 percent."
  7. ^ "Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population"; David P. Henige; University of Oklahoma Press; 1998; Pg. 24
  8. ^ http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf
  9. ^ a b "Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills". The New York Times. 29 October 2002. 
  10. ^ Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; Pg. 79; ISBN 9780521617444
  11. ^ "Taiping Rebellion – Britannica Concise". Concise.britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  12. ^ "The Taiping Rebellion 1850–1871 Tai Ping Tian Guo". Taipingrebellion.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  13. ^ Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression, page 468
  14. ^ By Train to Shanghai: A Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway By William J. Gingles page 259
  15. ^ Robert B. Marks (2011). China: Its Environment and History (World Social Change). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442212756. 
  16. ^ Graziella Caselli (2005). Demography - Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. ISBN 012765660X. 
  17. ^ The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p.622, cited by White
  18. ^ a b c Matthew White (2011-11-07). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3. 
  19. ^ Alan Macfarlane (1997-05-28). The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0. 
  20. ^ "Death toll figures of recorded wars in human history". 
  21. ^ Willmott 2003, p. 307
  22. ^ a b "Timur Lenk (1369–1405)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  23. ^ "Reitlinger, The Final Solution (1953) cited by White". Necrometrics.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  24. ^ Donald L. Niewyk; Francis R. Nicosia (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0. 
  25. ^ [1] Archived February 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ^ "Holocaust Museum 11 million". .sptimes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-28. 
  27. ^ Michael Lynch (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945-49. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3. 
  28. ^ "Russian Civil War". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  29. ^ "The Thirty Years War (1618–48)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  30. ^ Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History."
  31. ^ a b "Mankind's Worst Wars and Armed Conflicts". Retrieved December 7, 2010. 
  32. ^ Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s,Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov. 2002), pp. 249–264
  33. ^ France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
  34. ^ France Meslé; Jacques Vallin (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle: la crise sanitaire dans les pays de l'ex-URSS. Ined. ISBN 978-2-7332-0152-7. 
  35. ^ – "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
  36. ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population" (2005) 21: 145–166.
  37. ^ "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study" – Reuters, 22 Jan 2008.
  38. ^ Philip Pregill. Landscapes in History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29328-6. 
  39. ^ Frederic Baumgartner. France in the Sixteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-15856-9. 
  40. ^ "Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  41. ^ "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". Historynet.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  42. ^ a b c d "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.com. Retrieved September 24, 2012. 
  43. ^ a b Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
  44. ^ John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White
  45. ^ Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. Cited by White
  46. ^ Nigel Bagnall., "The Punic Wars" June 23, 2005.
  47. ^ a b c Forsythe, David P. (11 August 2009). Encyclopedia of human rights (Google Books). Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9. 
  48. ^ Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
  49. ^ Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011. 
  50. ^ Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war at the Wayback Machine (archived December 10, 2004), U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive. Accessed 10 April 2007
  51. ^ a b Rummel, R.J., Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, Statistics of Democide, 1997.
  52. ^ Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, Deutschlandfunk, November 29, 2006,[2]
  53. ^ Hermann Kinder; Werner Hilgemann (1978). The Anchor atlas of world history. Anchor Books. p. 221. 
  54. ^ a b Buchenau, Jürgen (2005). Mexico otherwise: modern Mexico in the eyes of foreign observers. UNM Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8263-2313-8. 
  55. ^ "HAZU • Naslovnica". 
  56. ^ Vatikan i Jasenovac, Vladimir Dedijer, Rad Beograd 1987.
  57. ^ "Magnum Crimen", Viktor Novak, 1948.
  58. ^ Nofi, Al (June 13, 2001). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-10-14. 
  59. ^ "U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests". Science Daily. September 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-22. 
  60. ^ a b White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh". Users.erols.com.  "History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971". Virtualbangladesh.com. 
  61. ^ Rummel, R.J. "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". University of Hawai'i. Retrieved 15 April 2015.  Table 5.1B.
  62. ^ Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.
  63. ^ a b See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  64. ^ Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5
  65. ^ Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
  66. ^ a b "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 - February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 
  67. ^ "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" by Opinion Research Business. January 2008.
  68. ^ "Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties". January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.
  69. ^ Paul Goble Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23
  70. ^ Charles King: "The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus", Oxford University Press, 2008. Page 96.
  71. ^ a b c David Gaunt, "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915", Assyrian Genocide Research Center, 2009
  72. ^ a b Jan Wróbel, Odnaleźć przeszłość 1 (2002)"Odnaleźć przeszłość 1". 
  73. ^ Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19196-8. p. 217.
  74. ^ Michał Jasiński (2010-10-27). "Zapomniane ludobójstwo stalinowskie (The forgotten Stalinist genocide)". Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia. Retrieved April 28, 2011.'
  75. ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore. Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar, page 229. Vintage Books, New York 2003. Vintage ISBN 1-4000-7678-1
  76. ^ Franciszek Tyszka. "Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than Katyn)". Super Express. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  77. ^ The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004
  78. ^ W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, page 13
  79. ^ Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pages 447-448
  80. ^ Terles In Ethnic Cleansing p61
  81. ^ Czesław Partacz Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939-1946
  82. ^ Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467
  83. ^ "Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r. w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich". Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu. Retrieved 17 August 2011. 
  84. ^ W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa. - Piotr Zając, Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie, [in:] Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN, t. 2: Ludobójstwo, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008, p.34-49
  85. ^ Timothy Snyder A fascist hero in democratic Kiev. NewYork Review of Books. February 24, 2010
  86. ^ Keith Darden. Resisting Occupation: Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine. Yale University. October 2, 2008. p. 5
  87. ^ J. P. Himka. Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history. University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4
  88. ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943- 1947. Kraków 2011, p.447
  89. ^ Timothy Snyder. The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 170, 176
  90. ^ Research and Documentation Center: Rezultati istraživanja "Ljudski gubici '91–'95"
  91. ^ Lara J. Nettelfield (2010). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 22 July 2013. , pp. 96–98
  92. ^ "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. 2013-02-15. 
  93. ^ Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić, Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina, Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly on the occasion of the General Debate, Summary, 23 September 2008.
  94. ^ Wellers, Georges. Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp), Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–159
  95. ^ Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates
  96. ^ "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  97. ^ Encyclopedia Americana
  98. ^ Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, ISBN 0-19-922506-0
  99. ^ Raul Hilberg (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9. 
  100. ^ Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987, NCR 0-253-34293-7
  101. ^ Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism Retrieved 18 January 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved 19 January 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma
  102. ^ "Jewish virtual library". Jewish virtual library. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  103. ^ "Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy". BBC News. 2001-11-29. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 
  104. ^ "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. 2005-04-25. Retrieved 2010-09-29. No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000. 
  105. ^ Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
  106. ^ Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
  107. ^ "15 000 black people died in the black concentration camps". 
  108. ^ A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979). Documentation Center of Cambodia. p. 74. ISBN 99950-60-04-3. 
  109. ^ The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.
  110. ^ "On the killing of Roma in World War II". Mrc.org.rs. 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  111. ^ Horigan, Michael (2002). Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2. 
  112. ^ Stéphane Courtois; Mark Kramer (1999-10-15). Livre Noir Du Communisme: Crimes, Terreur, Répression. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2. 
  113. ^ Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. JSTOR 41262812.  on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million
  114. ^ Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi.
  115. ^ Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.
  116. ^ a b "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine". Stanford University. April 4, 2011.
  117. ^ Nicholas Tarling (Ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp139-40
  118. ^ Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. See also Book review: Churchill's secret war in India by Susannah York
  119. ^ a b Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp.35–38. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/
  120. ^ Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.
  121. ^ Marek Sliwinski (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.
  122. ^ Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (November 1984), pp. 473–488."
  123. ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
  124. ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
  125. ^ The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.
  126. ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1. 
  127. ^ Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. 
  128. ^ Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate". Population and Development Review (December 1995).
  129. ^ a b Koh, David (21 August 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times (Singapore). Retrieved 25 January 2010. 
  130. ^ a b de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4. 
  131. ^ "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine". BBC News. April 6, 2000.
  132. ^ a b Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics.
  133. ^ a b Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel. 2012. "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008", Population and Development Review, 38(1), pp. 133-158.
  134. ^ The resource above is based on Andrew S. Natsios states, "From 1994 to 1998, 2-3 million people died of starvation and hunger-related illnesses, and the famine has generated a range of social and political effects." Natsios, "The Politics of Famine in North Korea"
  135. ^ Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993-2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved 8 November 2014. 
  136. ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, p. 24, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. 
  137. ^ Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily CNN, Accessed May 25, 2006
  138. ^ "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11. 
  139. ^ Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0. 
  140. ^ 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998
  141. ^ "The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice", by Michael Harner. Natural History, April 1977, Vol. 86, No. 4, pages 46–51.
  142. ^ National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
  143. ^ "Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study". The Lancet. September 3, 2011. 
  144. ^ Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
  145. ^ This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
  146. ^ The largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
  147. ^ Communism: A History (Modern Library Chronicles) by Richard Pipes, pg 67
  148. ^ Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, ISBN 83-07-02122-7
  149. ^ Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1138815681.
  150. ^ Szaszdi, Lajos (2008). Russian civil-military relations and the origins of the second Chechen war. University Press of America. p. 152. ISBN 9780761841784. 
  151. ^ Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p.302
  152. ^ Richards, Michael. A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945. Cambridge University Press. 1998. p.11.
  153. ^ name="beevor">Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 Weidenfeld and Nicholson (2006), pp.89–94.
  154. ^ a b Yang Kuisong (March 2008). "Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries". The China Quarterly 193: 102–121. doi:10.1017/S0305741008000064. (subscription required)summary at China Change blog
  155. ^ Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition. Free,Press, 1999. ISBN 0-684-85635-2 p. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information."
  156. ^ Twitchett, Denis; John K. Fairbank; Roderick MacFarquhar. The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-521-24336-X. Retrieved 2008-08-23. 
  157. ^ name="Mao's Killing Quotas">Changyu, Li. "Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC). 26 September 2005, at Shandong University" (PDF). 
  158. ^ Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey 42 (4): 550–563. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550. 
  159. ^ "Background on Chile". The Center for Justice & Accountability. Retrieved 9 July 2013. 
  160. ^ Phil Gunson (2009-04-02). "The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  161. ^ PBS News Hour, 16 Oct. 1997, et al. Argentina Death Toll, Twentieth Century Atlas
  162. ^ "Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?". Maoists.org. Retrieved 2013-08-23. 
  163. ^ Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, paperback ed., Basic books, 1999.
  164. ^ Steven Rosefielde (2010-02-15). Red Holocaust. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-77757-5. 
  165. ^ Павел Полян, Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001
  166. ^ С. Уиткрофт (Stephen G. Wheatcroft), "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг.
  167. ^ Lynne Viola The Unknown Gulag. The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements Oxford University Press 2007,
  168. ^ Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments by Michael Ellman, 2002
  169. ^ Vadim Rogovin "The Party of the Executed"
  170. ^ Forbath, Peter. The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration, and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River, 1991 (Paperback). Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-122490-1. 
  171. ^ R. J. Rummel Exemplifying the Horror of European Colonization:Leopold's Congo"
  172. ^ p.226-232, Hochschild, Adam (1999), King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-547-52573-7
  173. ^ Hochschild p.226–232.
  174. ^ Donald Greer, The Terror, a Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge (1935)
  175. ^ a b Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)
  176. ^ Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.
  177. ^ Jacques Hussenet (dir.), " Détruisez la Vendée ! " Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.
  178. ^ Gough, Hugh (December 1987). "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee". The Historical Journal 30 (4). JSTOR 2639130. 
  179. ^ White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century". Users.erols.com. 
  180. ^ "Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999" (PDF). Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. Retrieved 29 December 2013. 
  181. ^ "Informe final. Anexo 2: ¿CUÁNTOS PERUANOS MURIERON? (2003)" (PDF). Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. 
  182. ^ Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0.
  183. ^ "The Rape of Warsaw". Stosstruppen39-45.tripod.com. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
  184. ^ Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0300084323. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  185. ^ Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi; Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (2008). The Naking Atrocity: 1937–38. Berghahn Books. p. 362. ISBN 1-84545-180-5. 
  186. ^ Iris Chang (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Basic Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7867-2760-5. 
  187. ^ Warren T. Treadgold (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. p. 572. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2. 
  188. ^ Biondich, Mark. The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 92 [3]
  189. ^ Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.
  190. ^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. , p. 233.
  191. ^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.
  192. ^ Spagat, Michael (September 2010). "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions" (PDF). Significance (journal). 
  193. ^ Garfield, Richard (1999). "Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998: Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions". Retrieved 9 July 2013. 

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