Xenophobia
Xenophobia is the fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.[1][2] Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup, including a fear of losing identity, suspicion of its activities, aggression, and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity.[3] Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an "uncritical exaltation of another culture" in which a culture is ascribed "an unreal, stereotyped and exotic quality".[3]
Definitions[edit]
Dictionary definitions of xenophobia include: "deep-rooted fear towards foreigners" (Oxford English Dictionary; OED), and "fear of the unfamiliar" (Webster's).[4] The word comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning "strange", "foreigner", and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear".[5]
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Africa[edit]
South Africa[edit]
Xenophobia in South Africa has been present in both the apartheid and post–apartheid eras. Hostility between the British and Boers exacerbated by the Second Boer War led to rebellion by poor Afrikaners who looted British-owned shops.[6] South Africa also passed numerous acts intended to keep out Indians, such as the Immigrants Regulation Act of 1913, which provided for the exclusion of "undesirables", a group of people that included Indians. This effectively halted Indian immigration. The Township Franchise Ordinance of 1924, Natal, was intended to "deprive Indians of municipal franchise."[7]
In 1994 and 1995, gangs of armed youth destroyed the homes of foreign nationals living in Johannesburg, demanding that the police work to repatriate them to their home countries.[8] In 2008, a widely documented spate of xenophobic attacks occurred in Johannesburg.[9][10][11] It is estimated that tens of thousands of migrants were displaced; property, businesses and homes were widely looted.[12] The death toll after the attack stood at 56.[13]
See also[edit]
- Afrophobia
- Chauvinism
- Ethnocentrism
- Eurocentrism
- European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
- List of anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms
- List of phobias
- Opposition to immigration
- Racism
- Überfremdung
- Xenocentrism
- Xenophilia
- Xenophobia in South Africa
References[edit]
- ^ "Xenophobia - definition of xenophobia in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com.
- ^ "Xenophobia - Define Xenophobia at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
- ^ a b Guido Bolaffi. Dictionary of race, ethnicity and culture. SAGE Publications Ltd., 2003. Pp. 332.
- ^ Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, Dorset and Baber, Simon & Schuster
- ^ Oxford Standard English Dictionary' (OED). Oxford Press, 2004, CDROM version.
- ^ Giliomee, Hermann (2003). The Afrikaners: Biography of a People. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 383. ISBN 9781850657149.
- ^ "Anti-Indian Legislation 1800s - 1959". South African History Online. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
- ^ "Xenophobic violence in democratic South Africa". South Africa History Online. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ "South Afrians Take Out Rage on Immigrants". The New York Times. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ "Thousands seek sanctuary as South Africans turn on refugees". The Guardian. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ "Thousands flee S Africa attacks". BBC NEWS. 19 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ "Analysis: The ugly truth behind SA’s xenophobic violence". Daily Maverick. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ "Xenophobic violence in democratic South Africa". South Africa History Online. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Media related to Xenophobia at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Xenophobia at Wikiquote
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