Palatal approximant
Palatal approximant | |
---|---|
j | |
IPA number | 153 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | j |
Unicode (hex) | U+006A |
X-SAMPA | j |
Kirshenbaum | j |
Braille | |
Sound | |
|
The voiced palatal approximant is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩. Because the English name of the letter J, jay, does not start with [j] but with [d͡ʒ] (voiced palato-alveolar affricate), this approximant is sometimes called yod instead, as in the phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence.
The palatal approximant is the semivocalic equivalent of the close front unrounded vowel [i]. The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i̯⟩ with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
In the writing systems used for most of the languages of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year'. That is followed by IPA although it may be counterintuitive for English speakers (words occur with this sound in a few loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister").
In grammars of Ancient Greek, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek, is sometimes written as ⟨ι̯⟩ (iota with the inverted breve below, the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel).[1]
There is also a post-palatal approximant (also called pre-velar or fronted velar) in some languages.
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the palatal approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. The type of approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of /j/ from the /i/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɰ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Palatal[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | ятӀэ | [jatʼa] (help·info) | 'dirt' | ||
Arabic | Standard | يوم | [jawm] | 'day' | See Arabic phonology |
Assamese | মানৱীয়তা | [manɔwijɔta] | 'humanity' | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | yama | [jaːma] | 'ocean' | ||
Armenian | Eastern[2] | յուղ | [juʁ] | 'fat' | |
Afrikaans | ja | [jɑː] | 'yes' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
Azerbaijani | yuxu | [juxu] | 'dream' | ||
Basque | bai | [baj] | 'yes' | ||
Bengali | নয়ন | [nɔjon] | 'eye' | See Bengali phonology | |
Bulgarian | майка/mayka | [ˈmajkɐ] | 'mother' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan[3] | seient | [səˈjen] | 'seat' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chechen | ялх/yalx | [jalx] | 'six' | ||
Chinese | Cantonese | 日/jat9 | [jɐt˨ʔ] | 'day' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 鸭/yā | [ja˥] | 'duck' | See Mandarin phonology | |
Corsican | ghjesgia | [ˈjeːʒa] | 'church' | Also occurs in the Gallurese dialect | |
Czech | je | [jɛ] | 'is' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | jeg | [jä] | 'I' | See Danish phonology | |
Dutch | Standard[4] | ja | [jaː] | 'yes' | Frequently realized as a fricative [ʝ], especially in emphatic speech.[4] See Dutch phonology |
English | you | [juː] | 'you' | See English phonology | |
Esperanto | jaro | [jaro] | 'year' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Finnish | jalka | [ˈjɑlkɑ] | 'leg' | See Finnish phonology | |
French | yeux | [jø] | 'eyes' | See French phonology | |
German | Standard[5][6] | Jacke | [ˈjäkə] | 'jacket' | Also described as a fricative [ʝ][7][8] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[9] See Standard German phonology |
Hebrew | ילד | [ˈjeled] | 'boy' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | यान | [jɑːn] | 'vehicle' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | |||||
Hungarian | játék | [jaːteːk] | 'game' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Kabardian | йи | [ji] | 'game' | ||
Irish[10] | ghearrfadh | [ˈjɑːɾˠhəx] | 'would cut' | See Irish phonology | |
Italian[11] | ione | [ˈjoːne] | 'ion' | See Italian phonology | |
Japanese | 焼く/yaku | [jaku͍] | 'to bake' | See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | 야구/yagu | [ˈjaːɡu] | 'baseball' | See Korean phonology | |
Lithuanian[12] | ji | [jɪ] | 'she' | Also described as a fricative [ʝ].[13][14] See Lithuanian phonology | |
Macedonian | крај | [kraj] | 'end' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | sayang | [sajaŋ] | 'love' | ||
Mapudungun[15] | kayu | [kɜˈjʊ] | 'six' | May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[15] | |
Marathi | यश | [jəʃ] | 'success' | ||
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[16][17] | gi | [jiː] | 'to give' | May be a fricative [ʝ] instead.[17][18] See Norwegian phonology |
Polish[19] | jutro | [ˈjut̪rɔ] (help·info) | 'tomorrow' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese[20] | bóia | [ˈbɔj.jɐ] | 'buoy', 'float' | Allophone of both /i/ and /ʎ/,[21] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਯਾਰ | [jäːɾ] | 'friend' | ||
Romanian | iar | [jar] | 'again' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian[22] | яма | [ˈjämə] | 'pit' | See Russian phonology | |
Slovak[23] | jesť | [je̞sc̟] | 'to eat' | See Slovak phonology | |
Spanish[24] | viuda | [ˈbjuð̞ä] | 'widow' | Both non-syllabic /i/ and intervocalic /ʝ/ are approximants, though speakers may still contrast the two. See Spanish phonology | |
Swedish | jag | [ˈjɑːɡ] | 'I' | See Swedish phonology | |
Turkish[25] | yol | [jo̞ɫ̪] | 'way' | See Turkish phonology | |
Turkmen | ýüpek | [jypek] | 'silk' | ||
Ubykh | [ajəwʃqʼa] | 'you did it' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
Ukrainian | їжак/jižak | [jiˈʒɑk] | 'hedgehog' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Vietnamese | Southern dialects | de | [jɛ] | 'cinnamon' | Corresponds to northern /z/. See Vietnamese phonology |
West Frisian | jas | [jɔs] | 'coat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[26] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' |
Post-palatal[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spanish[27] | seguir | [se̞ˈj̠iɾ] | 'to follow' | Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels;[27] typically transcribed with ⟨ɣ⟩. See Spanish phonology |
Variable[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turkish[28] | düğün | [ˈd̪y̠jy̠n̪] | 'marriage' | Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of /ɣ/ (also transcribed as /ɰ/) before front vowels.[28] See Turkish phonology |
See also[edit]
- Voiceless palatal approximant
- Palatal lateral approximant
- Nasal palatal approximant
- Index of phonetics articles
References[edit]
- ^ Smyth (1920:11)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:198)
- ^ Kohler (1999:86)
- ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)
- ^ Mangold (2005:51)
- ^ Krech et al. (2009:83)
- ^ Hall (2003:48)
- ^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Mathiassen (1996:22–23)
- ^ Augustaitis (1964:23)
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:46–47)
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ (Portuguese) Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech.
- ^ (Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 223 and 228.
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ^ Pavlík (2004:106)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:154)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ a b Canellada & Madsen (1987:21)
- ^ a b Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
Bibliography[edit]
- Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas, ed., Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 9986-813-22-0
- Augustaitis, Daine (1964), Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner
- Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0893572679
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis 55: 87–109
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), A Greek Grammar for Colleges, Calvin College Library
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7