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File:Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg

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Original file ‎(SVG file, nominally 708 × 708 pixels, file size: 285 KB)

Summary[edit]

Description
English: This figure shows the history of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as directly measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii since 1958. This curve is known as the Keeling curve, and is an essential piece of evidence of the man-made increases in greenhouse gases that are believed to be the cause of global warming. The longest such record exists at Mauna Loa, but these measurements have been independently confirmed at many other sites around the world [1].

The annual fluctuation in carbon dioxide is caused by seasonal variations in carbon dioxide uptake by land plants. Since many more forests are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere during Northern Hemisphere summer than Southern Hemisphere summer. This annual cycle is shown in the inset figure by taking the average concentration for each month across all measured years.

The red curve shows the average monthly concentrations, and blue curve is a smoothed trend.

The carbon dioxide data is measured as the mole fraction in dry air. This dataset constitutes the longest record of direct measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere (data for 2015 are preliminary).
Date
Source Own work. Data from Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Author Delorme
Other versions

File:Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration FR.svg : français
Object location 19° 32′ 10.31″ N, 155° 34′ 36.84″ W View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth info

Licensing[edit]

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:
w:en:Creative Commons
attribution share alike		 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
You are free:
  • to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
  • to remix – to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
  • attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
  • share alike – If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

Data source license[edit]

“These data are made freely available to the public and the scientific community in the belief that their wide dissemination will lead to greater understanding and new scientific insights.”
—Pieter Tans, NOAA

Create this graph[edit]

W3CiThe source code of this SVG is valid.
R logo.svg
 This vector image was created with R:

Rsplus code

# Required packages
library(ggplot2)
library(plyr)
library(Hmisc)
library(scales)
library(gridExtra)

# to format the date in english names
Sys.setlocale("LC_TIME", "en_US.UTF-8")

# get data
co2ml <- read.table("ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt", na.strings = c(-99.99, -1))
colnames(co2ml) <- c("year", "month", "decimal", "average", "interpolated", "trend", "ndays")

# main plot
p1 <- ggplot(co2ml, aes(decimal, interpolated)) + 	
	geom_line(color="pink") +
	geom_point(color="red", size=1) +
	stat_smooth(span = 0.1) +
	xlab("Year") +
	ylab(expression(paste(CO[2], " fraction in dry air (", mu, "mol/mol)"))) +
	ggtitle(substitute(paste("Mauna Loa monthly mean ", CO[2], " concentration ", min, "-", max), list(min = min(co2ml$year), max = max(co2ml$year)))) +
	theme_bw()

# Prepare inset plot
# calculate the yearly means
m <- aggregate(co2ml$interpolated, list(co2ml$year), mean)
colnames(m) <- c("year", "year_mean")

# join the yearly means to the dataset to calculate the monthly deviations to the yearly mean
mco2ml <- join(co2ml, m, by="year")
mco2ml$delta = mco2ml$interpolated - mco2ml$year_mean

# virtual date for a nice x scale
mco2ml$vdate = as.Date(paste0("2015-", sprintf("%02d", mco2ml$month), "-01"))

# inset plot
p2 <- ggplot(mco2ml, aes(vdate, delta)) +
	geom_hline(yintercept=0) +
	stat_summary(fun.data = "mean_cl_boot", colour = "red") + 
	stat_smooth(span = 0.4) +
	xlab("Month") +
	scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%b")) +
	ylab(expression(atop(paste(CO[2], " fraction in dry air (", mu, "mol/mol)"), "Departure from yearly average"))) +
	ggtitle(expression(paste("Monthly ", CO[2], " variation (yearly average deviation)"))) +
	theme_bw()

# merge the plots
p2_grob = ggplotGrob(p2)

pcombined <- p1 + annotation_custom(grob = p2_grob, xmin = 1955, xmax = 1991, ymin =357, ymax = 409)
pcombined

ggsave(pcombined, file="co2_mauna_loa.svg", width=20, height=20, units="cm")

File history

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current12:23, 10 June 2015Thumbnail for version as of 12:23, 10 June 2015708 × 708 (285 KB)DelormeAdjusted smoothing
21:23, 31 May 2015Thumbnail for version as of 21:23, 31 May 2015720 × 720 (285 KB)DelormeCorrected month names
20:13, 31 May 2015Thumbnail for version as of 20:13, 31 May 20151,006 × 960 (285 KB)DelormeUser created page with UploadWizard

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Width 566pt
Height 566pt
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