1993 Chrétien attack ad

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One of the images from the commercial that many felt emphasized Chrétien's face

During the 1993 Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservative Party had an attack ad broadcast on television against Liberal leader Jean Chrétien. Many felt that the ad focused on Chrétien's facial deformity, caused by Bell's palsy. The resulting outcry is considered to be an example of voter backlash from negative campaigning.^[1]

[edit] Background

The ad premiered on October 14, 1993, and was mainly played in the Ontario market, seen as heavy in swing voters. Few had felt the Tories had any hope of remaining in government at the beginning of the 1993 election campaign. While the party had made up some ground against the Liberals before the election was called, their support had dropped badly in the final weeks of the campaign. Realizing that without something dramatic the Liberals were certain to win a majority government, the Tory campaign leaders decided to launch a group of four ads attacking Chrétien and his record.

The decision was taken mainly by John Tory, campaign director, and Allan Gregg, a pollster who was one of the top campaign managers. Gregg had launched a series of attack ads in the last days of the 1988 election to great effect. The new ads were produced quickly, and were seen by few in the party before they were aired. PC Party leader Prime Minister Kim Campbell, who was on the campaign trail, did not see them before they aired.^[1]

The controversial ad was the second in a series of four. The first ad was a strong attack, but not much worse than ads aired by the Liberals or the Reform Party attacking the Conservatives and their record. The ads were designed to leverage Campbell's personal popularity which was still higher than that of Chrétien.

[edit] The ad

On October 14, the second ad premiered. It featured still pictures of Chrétien’s face interspersed with comments by actors posing as regular Canadians. The first asked "Is this a Prime Minister?" and others questioned his record. The final, and most prominent, line was "I would be very embarrassed if he became Prime Minister of Canada." While the ad's creators had meant for the lines to refer to Chrétien's policies and ethics, the intercutting with images of his face focusing on his facial deformity were interpreted by many as an attack on Chrétien's appearance.^[1]

Many Tories, such as campaign advisor Hugh Segal, contend that the backlash that followed was mostly manufactured. The Liberal Party did unquestionably mobilize its members to call media outlets. This effort was lead by Roméo LeBlanc, who was manning the Liberal war room, and who organized the counter-attack minutes after the ad premiered.^[1]

While some of the subsequent reaction was manufactured, it is certain that part of the widespread anger at the ad was genuine. While only a few Canadians saw the ad on television, millions saw it on news shows, who often cut it to show only the most offensive segments. Several Tory MPs also condemned the ad and asked Campbell to pull it from the air.

[edit] Backlash

Campbell did pull the ad less than twenty-four hours after it premiered, but this decision caused sharp division between the leader and the campaign staff. Tory, Gregg, and Segal felt that pulling the commercial would validate all of the attacks against it and those in the Tory party who made it. It would also admit that the Tories did not know what they were doing. They argued leaving the commercial on the air would be far less harmful, and that in time the full slate of attack ads would have the desired effect of lowering Chrétien's personal popularity.

The Tories also defended the ad, pointing out that Chrétien himself had used his half-paralyzed face in the campaign. In Quebec, the Liberals used signs that translated as "Strange looking face, but reflect on what's inside." Campbell, however, disagreed with the top campaign staff and ordered the ads pulled and the other two in the series not to be aired. At the same time, however, Campbell refused to make a full apology for the commercials.

Even more beneficial for the Liberals than the anti-Tory backlash was Chrétien's reaction to the commercials. One Tory described them as allowing Chrétien to "make the speech he had been waiting his entire career to deliver." Speaking in Nova Scotia, Chrétien stated that "God gave me a physical defect, I've accepted that since I was a kid." He compared the Tories to the teasing children of his youth: "When I was a kid people were laughing at me. But I accepted that because God gave me other qualities and I'm grateful." The speech moved some in the audience to tears. Even cut into sound bites on the evening news, it was hugely effective. Chrétien's personal approval ratings shot up, nullifying one of his last remaining shortcomings compared to Kim Campbell.

[edit] Results

The 1993 election became one of the most eventful elections in Canada's history, with more than half of the electorate switching parties from the 1988 election.

Aside from raising Chrétien's personal popularity, it is unclear what effect the ad had on the election. Prior to the controversy, the Campbell's Progressive Conservatives were already beset by many problems; notably the recession, the unpopular GST, and their support bases moving to the newly formed Reform Party and Bloc Québécois. Nonetheless, the negative backlash over the television spot made the Tories' defeat certain.

Chrétien's Liberals won a landslide majority to became the governing party, and he would hold the office of prime minister for the next decade.

By comparison, the PC party reduced to only two seats in the general election, and Campbell resigned the leadership soon after. The Progressive Conservatives never recovered; in 2003, it merged with the Canadian Alliance party, with the new entity becoming the Conservative Party of Canada. The Conservatives finally regained power with a minority government in early 2006.

[edit] See also

• 2006 Liberal Party of Canada election ads

[edit] References