Genetic studies on Bulgarians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Bulgarians are part of the Slavic ethnolinguistic group.[1][2][3][4] The Bulgarians and most other South Slavs are characterized by a prevailing genetic substrate that is different than that of the North Slavs.[5] The two groups are today separated, sharing a modest gene flow.[5][6] This phenomena of two genetically distinct groups of Slavic peoples is explained by the assimilation of previous indigenous populations by the medieval Slavic settlers in the Balkans.[5][6] Genetic admixture analyses observe more diverse admixture among Slavs in the south suggesting that the overall genes of the Bulgarians that are inherited from the original medieval Slavs may be up to over 40% of the total (compared to ~90% for Belarusians).[7]

Y DNA[edit]

Bulgarians, as their neighbours (Romanians) show the highest diversity of haplogroups in Europe, marked by significant (> 10%) frequencies of 5 major haplogroups (compared to Atlantic Europe, dominated by > 50% R1b). Most Bulgarians belong to three unrelated haplogroups, 20% of whom to I-M423 (I2a1b), 18% to E-V13 (E1b1b1a1b1a) and 17.5% to R-M17 (R1a1a), but the biggest part belongs to macro-haplgoroup R (~28%). The major haplogroups, groupped by age of around 20 kya, are:[8]

Hg I-P37 (I2a1) distribution mainly based on the map of Rootsi (2004) confirming that no Bulgarian samples data was considered for the map making.
  • Haplogroup I-L460 (I2a) is presented at levels ~22% [9] according to 808 Bulgarian male samples of the largest-scale study from 2013. By higher levels are defined the profiles of Ukrainians and all South Slavs other than Bulgarians.[10] Evidence points to European origin for macro-haplogroup I, and Levantine for its immediate ancestor- IJ. Its exclusive and now patchy distribution within Europe suggested a very early entry in to Europe during Palaeolithic colonization, which was confirmed by the lack of its ancient DNA outside of the continent and ~13,000 years old European Cro-Magnon remains belonging to I2a.[11] Bulgarian Hg I2a most often belongs specifically to the P37.2, M423 branch ("Hg I2a1b"), representing 20% of Bulgarian males.[9] According to some data, Bulgarian males who belong to M423, belong to CTS10228 Dinaric (I2a1b2a1), the prevalent clade in eastern Europe, and none of them belongs to the Disles L161 branch or the CTS595 branch found in west Europe and Sardinia.[12] The Dinaric is descended by several 'only child' sublclades and it is suggested that its most recent common ancestor is aged only 2200 years[13] making it the youngest and most common micro-group. It makes up an absolute majority among the highest populations. The largest marker group among Bulgarians is Dinaric-North, the largest SNP group is Z17855, being the prevailing clade in the eastern Balkans and rare elsewhere.[12][14] Second major part are representatives of Dinaric-South S17250+, which is the most common subclade among west Balkan peoples, the clades Dinaric-North S17250+ and Y4460+ that are traditional for the North Slavic peoples are also represented at lower levels.[12] These SNP groups separated before the Slavic expansion in the Balkans. Thus, the highest frequncy of I2a that is observed in the Balkans today was present before the expansion and is owed to indigenous tribes,[5] in particular Thracians for Romania and the region.[15] Initially a Holocene expansion of I2a in Southeastern Europe is supposed;[16] however the homogeneity of Balkan Hg I2 and its star-like clustering suggests a far more recent expansion time. Around 2% of Bulgarian males belong to the subclade M223 (I2a2a) found mostly around Germany. I2a2 is the most frequent haplogroup of European male remains dated to the Metal Ages, while I2a1 and I2a1b are most common on Mesolithic remains,[11][17] as such they were the primary haplogroups of pre-historic European hunter-gatherers.
Distribution of E-M78 according to Semino (2004) (no data on Bulgarians used, probable frequency)
  • Haplogroup E-V68 (E1b1b1a) is presented at levels ~19.5%.[18] The ultimate origin of E-V68 points to northeastern Africa, specifically near the Nile and Lake Alexandria.[19] Thus this haplogroup represents a more recent Bronze Age "out of Africa" movement into Europe via the Balkans. The macro-haplogroup E still prevails in most of the African continent, but through the long-term migrations the sub-Saharian maternal lineage Hg L was lost lacking completely in the Balkans. Holocene movement into the Near East is proposed, then several thousand years ago, a movement into the Balkans.[19] All V68-positive Bulgarians belong to its M78 subclade, which is the prevailing haplogroup in most of northeast Africa and around the Balkans. The presently mostly European V13 (E1b1b1a1b1a) originated in western Asia according to the most plausible scenario[20] and is presented at ~18% among Bulgarian males.[9] According to deeply traced data its internal structure is divided among Z5016, Z5017 and S7461.[12] Recent findings of V13 in a Neolithic context in Iberia (dated to ~ 7 kya) give a terminus ante quem.[21] However, it might have really begun to expand in the Balkans somewhat later, perhaps during the population growth of the Bronze Age.[22] Like I-P37 above, it is spread throughout Europe but peaks in the Balkans, only for the Albanians, Greeks, Macedonians, Macedonian Romani, Montenegrins, Serbs and Romanians are recorded higher levels than Bulgarians.[23]
  • Haplogroup R-M420 (R1a) is identified at 17.5%.[9] It is the dominant group among most Slavs, Hungarians and the Indostan area. The M458 branch, which is the most common clade in Poland, the Czech Republic and Croatia,[24] is present in Bulgarians at 7.5%.[9] Firstly the percentage of the Z93 branch had not been revealed and this allowed study's authors to consider the Bulgarians mainly descendants of Indo-European Bulgars coming from Asia in the Middle Ages.[25] After over 60 Bulgarian R1a carriers had been studied, it was revealed that the R1a branch Z282 that is limited to Europe and separated from their Asian relative ~5000 [13] years ago, make up 97% of Bulgarian R1a, while the most common branch from China to Anatolia (Z93) makes up 3%. Divided by the largest branches the Bulgarian R1a structure would be nearest to the Estonian and Czech by composition as the M458 branch outnumbers Z280, no west European subclade from the Z284 branch was detected.[24] As such, the R1a frequency among Bulgarians may only be the result of descendants of east European satem peoples such as early Slavs, Thracians and Illyrians. R1a with a prevailing M458 component (17%) makes up the majority in the former Haskovo province.[9] Z280 is consistently outnumbered by M458 throughout whole eastern and central Bulgaria,[9] which might be the result of recent Slavic expansions. M458 is the dominant R1a clade in the regions roughly corresponding to eastern Bulgarian dialects[9] which share many similarities with the Polish language as opposed to the western dialects which tend to be more related to Slovak and Ukrainian. Deepely tracing data reveals that the most common Bulgarian micro-clade appears to be the L1029 subclade (R1a1a1b1a1b1) of M458, which prevails in most of the eastern Balkans and various spased parts of central and northern Europe, and is 2-3,000 years old.[12][26] Sufficient data on younger clades has so far been unavailable.
  • Haplogroup R-M343 (R1b): present in Bulgarians at ~11%.[9] R1b is the most frequently occurring haplogroup around Ural and Chad, in most of western Europe and the adjacent islands. The Bulgarian internal structure is heterogeneous and 4% of Bulgarian males carry western European subclades.[9] At least 2% are carriers of the 'Italo-Celtic' branch U152, another 1 percent belongs to the U106 branch that corresponds with the spread of Germanic peoples.[9] The ancestral L23 and Z2103 branch show a clear relationship with Anatolia and the Near East.[27] The branch turned to be the dominant clade of the Yamna culture[28] in far eastern Europe. In addition to the Middle East it is currently the dominant clade of R1b there in parts of central and east Europe.[29] Most Bulgarians (6%) belong to the branch, the majority of them belong to its subclade Z2110[12] (R1b1a1a2a2c1a), which today is likely limited only around Europe. The overall evidence suggests that the macro-haplogroup R arose in southern or central Asia descending from Haplogroup IJK. The subsequent path into Europe, and the major settlement is thought to have happedned in the Bronze Age by the Kurgan hypothesis, R1 clades are found at minority levels in Europe since the Mesolithic; a subsequent Balkan entry of R1b into Europe is a major theory.
  • Haplogroup J-M172 (J2) is presented at levels 10.5%.[18] Higher levels of it are observed in the Balkans as far as Bosniaks,[30] Italians, while Anatolia and the surroundings are dominated by the group.[31] Whilst its origin is north Levantine, its current pattern reflects more recent events connecting the Aegean and western Anatolia during the Copper and Bronze Ages, as well as Greek and Phoenician colonization around the Mediterranean. Several subclades within J2 are present: J-M410 (J2a) is represented at 6% and J-M12 (J2b) at 4%,[9] the prevailing is the L26 deep subclade of J2a, it is furtherly divided into M67, M92, L24 and other clades.[12]
  • Finally, there are also some other Y-DNA Haplogroups presented at a lower levels among Bulgarians ~ 20% all together, as G-P15 (G2a) at ~5%, I-M253 (I1)at ~4% of which mostly mostly Scandinavian L22, Yutlandian Z58 and continental Z63,[12] J-M267 (J1) at ~3.5%, E-M34 (E1b1b1b2a1) at ~2%, T-M70 (T1a) at ~1.5%, at less than 1% Haplogroup C-M217 (C2), H-M82 (H1a1), N-M231 (N), Q-M242 (Q), L-M61 (L), I-M170 (I), E-M96 (E) excl. M35, R-M124 (R2a), E-M81. (E1b1b1b1a), E-M35 (E1b1b1).[9]
Population N= C2 (%) E1b1b1a1b (%) E* (%) G2a (%) H1a1 (%) I1 (%) I2a (%) I*
(%)		 J1 (%) J2 (%) L (%) N (%) Q (%) R1a (%) R1b (%) T1a (%)
M217 Z1919 M96 P15 M82 M253 L460 M170 M267 M172 M61 M231 M242 M420 M343 M70
Burgas 45 18 9 4 16 6 18 11 18
Haskovo 41 29 2 2 7 2 10 29 15 2
Lovech 62 24 2 5 3 16 3 18 2 2 19 5 2
Montana 80 1 20 6 4 6 19 5 8 1 23 6 1
Plovdiv 159 20 4 4 1 6 23 1 2 9 1 1 16 12 1
Sofia City 59 8 2 3 3 3 27 2 7 9 20 14 2
Sofia Region 257 1 14 5 7 4 25 4 11 18 9 1
Razgrad 21 38 14 10 10 10 14 5
Varna 15 20 7 7 33 7 13 13
unknown 69 1 15 1 7 1 6 26 7 1 3 12 14 6
Total 808 1 18 4 5 1 4 22 3 10 1 18 11 2
Prevailing hgs among Euroepans

The overall profile of 808 Bulgarian samples, according to the highest level of phylogenetic analysis calculating distribution of hgs R1a1a7, R1а1, R1b1a2, R2a, I, E1b1, E1b1b1, E1b1b1a, E1b1b1b, J2b, J2a, J2a1b, J1, G, T, NO, C, H, Q, L, A and B, is positioned nearest to the Romanians per 147 their samples,[9] also backed by studies as early as 2000.[32] However the analysis of the Bulgarian study showed inaccuracy in some aspects using population datasets which proved to contain genetic drift according to alternative more extensive studies on these populations. Furthermore, the analysis did not even involve the populations Macedonians, Serbians, Montenegrins and Slovaks. The study of the 149 Romanians by whose data they came out most proximal to Bulgarians concludes that Romanians are closer to Ukrainians and Hungarians than to the Bulgarian group sampled by the study.[33] Bulgarians are situated nearer to populations such as Berbers and Sudanese than to Turks and Poles, which proximity also applies for nearby populations to Bulgarians that were under Ottoman Turkish rule for centuries.[9] This situation would not be the same if the analysis calculates distance by considering more recent subclades, e.g. EV13 instead of EM78, similarly Y-DNA analyses of distribution of haplogroups of pre-Holocene age determine Norwegians and Sardinians more proximal to Bulgarians than Poles and Russians.[34] Some central Europeans are situated very distant per data of the phylogenetic Bulgarian study because of scarce datasets containing remarkable genetic drift. For most compared European peoples datasets were taken from Battaglia (2008) which does not involve more than 100 samples per population.[35] Many large scale studies refuted the frequencies from the datasets of Battaglia as inaccurate determining that the observed frequency of R1a of Battaglia among Hungarians (57%) was the result of exceptionally strong genetic drift due to only 53 samples taken and this extended a lot their genetic distance against Bulgarians who according to the most extensive data so far are actually the most proximal Europeans to the Hungarians. The largest-scale study of the Hungarians (n=219) determined that their R1a frequency is only 26%.[36] It determined that the remaining Finno-Urgic peoples are genetically their furthest populations, and clearly confirmed that the closest Europeans to the Hungarians are the Bulgarians, however the same study determines the Yugoslavs as the nearest population to Bulgarians.[37] Similarly, some reckon that the contribution of Bulgars to the modern Bulgarian genetic pool is hardly recognisable.[38] It is unclear why the extensive datasets and the most proximal Slavic populations to the Bulgarians were excluded from the phylogenetic analysis of the Bulgarian study selectively.

A phylogenetic analysis determines that the population of Haskovo Province has shorter genetic distance against the population of the Czech Republic than to the Bulgarian provinces, and that only the population of Burgas Province is closer to Haskovo than the Hungarian population, furthermore only datasets of two more Balkan or Slavic foreign populations(Greece and Croatia) are used and all other Slavic populations are excluded from this analysis.[39] Distribution of haplogroups in the former Haskovo Province per 41 samples:[9]

According to DNA data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians, the Macedonian population has the lowest genetic distance against the Bulgarian population (0.0815).[40] Other Y-DNA studies considered the Bulgarians closest either to Macedonians, Serbs, Bulgarian Turks or Gagauzes, followed either by some of these or by Romanians, or Bosniaks.[6][41][42][43]

According to an older study of 127 Bulgarian males, frequencies are the following: 30% R (17% R1a, 11% R1b, 2% R*); 27.5% I; 20% E; 18% J; 1.5% G; 1.5% H; 1% T.[44]

According to another study involving 126 Bulgarian males, frequencies are the following: 30% I (25.5% I2a, 4% I1); 20,5% E; 17.5% R (R1b 11%, R1a 6%); 17.5% J (16% J2); 5.5% G; 4% Q; 1% L; 1% T; unknown 3%.[45]

According to another study involving 100 Bulgarian males, frequencies are the following: 34% I (29% I2a, 3% I1); 30% R (16% R1a, 14% R1b); 21% E (20% E1b1b1a); 9% J; 2% G; 2% T; 1% N.[46]

mtDNA[edit]

Prevailing mtDNA hgs

Complimentary evidence exists from mtDNA data. Bulgaria shows a very similar profile to other European countries – dominated by mitochondrial haplogroups Hg H (~42%), Hg U (~18%), Hg J/Hg T (~18%), and Hg K (~6%).[47] Like most Europeans, H1 is the prevailing subclade among Bulgarians.[48] Most of the U-carriers belong to U5 and U4. The subclades of Haplogroup H may have not been studied but subclusters H1b and H2a are more common in Eastern than in Western Europeans.[49] Recent studies show greater diversity within mt Haplogroups than once thought, as sub-haplogroups are being discovered, and often separate migrations and distributions of the Y-DNA haplogroups. While the Y-DNA variation in Europe is clinal, the mitochondrial is not.[50]

The results of the mitochondarial analyses find the Bulgarians more related to North Slavs. The general mtDNA analyses of the study find the Bulgarians in a cluster with Central Europeans, but others find them more related to Balkan peoples, or to both at the same time. According to the largest-scale mtDNA Bulgarian study involving 996 Bulgarian samples, comparing distribution of hgs H, H5, HV, HV0, R0a, J, U1, U2, U2e, U3, U4, U5a, U5b, U6, U7, U8, K, N1, N2, X, M, Т1, Т2, the Bulgarians came out nearest to the Poles, followed by Ukrainians, Croats, Czechs, while neighbouring Turks, Romanians and Greeks remained more or very distant.[51] Several other pan-European analyses of the same Bulgarian samples indicate that the neighbouring populations except the Macedonians are distant from the Bulgarians. According to these the Bulgarians are at minimal distance by mtDNA either to Hungarians, Szekelys, Slovaks or to Macedonians, followed either by Ukrainians, Croats or Czechs, while neighbouring populations such as Turks, Romanians, Serbs and Greeks remain more distanced.[52][53][54] Italians also remain related according to these studies. Accotding to another analysis, Bulgarians despite being part of a Slavic mitochondrial cluster, are most related to Romanians, followed by Hungarians and Czechs, but distant to Balkan Albanians and Bosniaks, it was also found out that Bulgarians are very distant to all Asian and African populations, but are least distanced by mtDNA to the Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia[55] where also Y-DNA hg I2 prevails.[56] A more recent pan-Slavic mtDNA plot analyzing genetic distance, situates Bulgarians as sharing their position with Czechs, Romanians, Macedonians and Hungarians, while other close groups to them are Slovaks, Estonians and Latvians.[5] Others determined Albanians and Portuguese as most related to Bulgarians,[57] others determined northern Europeans and Slavs,[58] others Israeli[59] however some of these analyses depend on minimal variance that changes the proximal distance. Other studies consider the Bulgarians closest to Romanians, followed by Italians and Iberians, while Poles, Slovaks, and Czechs are determined more distanced.[60] This innovatively considered the Latin peoples at short genetic distance, which has never been confirmed with Y-DNA. It should noted none of the analyses on genetic distance compares the subclades of Haplogroup H except for H5 due to lacking data, however the structure of the haplogroup of some central European, Balkan and other peoples may be similar to the Bulgarian, at least by division of older subclades of haplogroup H.

MtDNA haplgroups of ~1000 Bulgarians:[47]

  • HV - 49%
    • H - 41%
      • H5 - 3%
    • HV - 4%
    • HV0 - 4%
  • U - 18%
    • U1 - 1%
    • U2e - 1%
    • U3 - 2%
    • U4 - 4%
    • U5 - 8%
      • U5a - 5%
      • U5b - 3%
    • U6 - 0%
    • U7 - 1%
    • U8 - <1%
  • JT - 18%
  • K - 6%
  • N - 5%
    • N1 - 3%
    • N2 - 2%
  • X - 2%
  • M - 1%
  • L - <1%
  • R0a - <1%
  • Others - <1%

auDNA and overall[edit]

Pan-Euorpean autosomal plot.(SK is a sample of a Slovakian national but not an ethnic one)
Balto-Slavic comparison by A (autosomal DNA), B (Y-DNA) and C (mtDNA plot).
Admixture analysis of autosomal SNPs of the Balkan region in a global context on the resolution level of 7 assumed ancestral populations.
Network of 29 populations constructed with the Neighbor-net approach from FST distances based on the variation of autosomal SNPs.

Whilst haploid markers such as mtDNA and Y-DNA can provide clues about past population history, they only represent a single genetic locus, compared to hundreds of thousands present in nuclear, autosomal chromosomes. However autosomal analyses often sample a small number of Bulgarians, however multiple autosomes tracing multiple ancestral lines may be traced by an individual's 21 autosomes as opposed to one identical mtDNA or Y DNA sex chromosome whose inheritance is clinal. Analyses of autosomal DNA markers gives the best approximation of overall 'relatedness' between populations, presenting a less skewed genetic picture compared to Y DNA haplogroups. This atDNA data shows that there are no sharp discontinuities or clusters within the European population. Rather there exists a genetic gradient, running mostly in a southeast to northwest direction. A study compared all Slavic nations and combinined all lines of evidence, autosomal, maternal and paternal, including more than 6000 people for and at least 700 Bulgarians from previous studies, of which 13 were used for autosomal analysis. The overall data situates the southeastern group (Bulgarians and Macedonians) in a cluster with Romanians, and they are at similar proximity to Gagauzes, Montenegrins and Serbs who are not part of another cluster but are described as 'in between' clusters.[5] Macedonians and Romanians consistingly keep being among most related to Bulgarians by au, mt, and Y-DNA[5] a conclusion backed also by a pan-European autosomal study investigating 500,568 SNP (loci) of 1,387 Europeans sampling 2 Bulgarians,[61] other more or less extensive data sets situate Bulgarians and Romanians as their nearest.[62][63][64] Per HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies Bulgarians are also in a cluster with the same populations.[65] The Balto-Slavic study itself calculated genetic distance by SNP data of the multiple autosomes and ranked most proximal to Bulgarians the Serbs, followed by Macedonians, Montenegrins, Romanians, Gagauzes, Macedonian Greeks apart from Thessaloniki, the rest of the South Slavs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs, and then by Greeks from Thessaloniki, Central Greece and Peloponese.[5] The East Slavs and Poles cluster together remaining less proximal to Bulgarians than Germans.[5]

The study claims that the major part of the Balto-Slavic genetic variation can be primarily attributed to the assimilation of the pre-existing regional genetic components.[5] For Slavic peoples correlations with linguistics came out much lower than high correlations with geography.[5] The South Slavic group, despite sharing a common language, is separated and has largely different genetic past from their northern linguistic relatives genetically.[4][5][6] Therefore, for the Bulgarians and most other South Slavs the most plausible explanation would be that their most sizable genetic components were inherited from indigenous Balkan pre-Slavic and pre-Bulgar population,[4][5][6] which is also the similar case of most European peoples, whose genetic structure is dependent on geography rather than on language, dominant regional genes often predate the arrival of the current linguistic family by milleniums[50][61][66] with some exceptions such as theEnglish people whose significant genetical impact was brought by the medieval Germanic settlers in the isles. Another pan-Slavic Y-DNA study concludes that most of the Southern Slavic group is distinct from their Northern Slavic relatives, whose homogeneity on the other hand stretches form the Alps to Volga end even as far as the Pacific Ocean in Russia.[6] This means that there is a paternal genetic rather than a geographical factor separating these Slavic peoples. The South Slavs are characterized by featuring NRY hgs I2a and E plus 10% higher Mediterranean k2 autosomal component, while the Eastern and Western Slavs are characterized by the k3 component and hg R1a.[5] The current differentiation of high I-P37 and lower R-Z282 among South Slavs and vice versa among North Slavs suggests it was present prior to the Slavic settling in the Balkans as no relevant migrations occur later to change the frequencies.[5][67][68] The contribution of the Y chromosomes of peoples who settled in the Balkans before the Slavic expansion is the most likely explanation of the phenomenon according to the other study on Y-haplotypes, concluded by its two separate analyses because of the complicity of the methods tracing the alleles.[6] The presence of two distinct genetic substrata in the genes of East-West and South Slavs would conclude that assimilation of indigenous populations by bearers of Slavic languages was a major mechanism of the spread of Slavic languages to the Balkan Peninsula.[5] A signal at a low frequency among Balkan Slavs was detected that may have been inherited from the medieval Slavic settlers, but it was confirmed that this issue requires further investigation.[5] The short genetic distance of South Slavs does not extend to populations throughout the whole Balkan Peninsula and they are differentiated from all Greek sub-populations that are not Macedonian Greek.[5] Bulgarians are also only modestly close to their eastern neighbours – the Anatolian Turks, suggesting the presence of certain geographic and cultural barriers between them.[69] Despite various invasions of Altaic-speaking peoples in Europe, no significant impact from such Asian descent is recorded throughout southern and central Europe.[70] The South Slavs share significantly fewer identical by descent segments for length classes with Greeks than with the group of East-West Slavs.[5] Most of the East-West Slavs share as many such segments with the South Slavs as they share with the inter-Slavic populations between them. This might suggest Slavic gene flow across the wide area and physical boundaries such as the Carpathian Mountains, including Hungarians, Romanians and Gagauz.[5] Notably, the number of common ancestors within the last 1,000 to 2,000 years is particularly high within eastern and Slavic-speaking Europe.[71] Southeastern Europeans share large numbers of common ancestors that date roughly to the times of the Slavic expansion around 1,500 years ago. The eastern European populations with high rates of IBD are highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages including Hungary, Romania, Greece and Albania, so it is speculated for Slavic expansion, anyway it was concluded that additional work and methods would be needed to verify this hypothesis. This study detects a considerable connection between Bulgarians and North Slavs that is the result of migrations no earlier than 1500 years ago.[64] A study on genetic admixture filtered to 474,491 autosomal SNPs and including 18 Bulgarians concluded that there is a recent excess of identical by descent(IBD) sharing in Eastern Europe, and recent period of exchanged segments speculating that this may correspond to the Slavic expansion across this region. No Turkic admixture among Bulgarians was found. For the Bulgarians prevailing donor group in admixture with more than 40% are the Slavs, the date of the admixture event is set at 500-950 CE. The Slavic frequency of the Bulgarians is determined lower than that of Poles and Hungarians, and higher than that of Romanians and Greeks, roughly in between.[7] From data of participating groups, it is inferred that the event of admixture among Bulgarians in the Middle Ages is 46% Belarusian-like, of which most notably Lithuanian-like (23%) and Polish-like (19%), while another 50%+ being Cypriot-like, of which 14% Greek-like.[72] Some of the phenomena that distinguish western and eastern subgroups of the South Slavic people and languages can be explained by two separate migratory streams of different tribal groups of the future South Slavs via both: the west and east of the Carpathian Mountains.[73]

The genetic diversity among Bulgarians is the reason of more inherited deaseses[74] The blood type of 21,568 Bulgarians is 37% A+ , 28% 0+, 14% B+, 7% AB+, 6+ A-, 4% 0-, 2% B-, 1% AB-,[75] a distribution similar to the Sweden, the Czech Republic and Turkey.

Without determining a national or ethnic scale, a recent study determined that 7% of Bugarians are naturally blond with blue eyes, while at least 80% of the total are either dark-haired or dark-eyed.[76] 175/163 cm is the average male/female height and 178/164 cm in Sofia.[77] According to German statistics on at least nominally hundreds of thousands of Bulgarians, between 9-12% of them were blond-type depending on the region, the highest proportion of them is placed in southwestern Bulgaria, the brunette type makes up 42-47% and highest frequency in northern Bulgaria, while 43-46% are determined as an intermmediate type (light eyes and dark hair or vice versa).[78] Statistics mostly on teenagers and some adults determine 24% of them as blue-eyed and between 19%[79] and 15% as blonde.[80] Nationwide studies observe heterogeneity in cephalic index in northern (brachycephalic) and southern (mesocephalic) Bulgaria.[81]

Ancient DNA[edit]

A simplified model for recent demographic history of Europeans. The panels indicate a possible demographic scenario consistent with the observed signals.

Despite the most common haplogroup among Bulgarians is I2a1b at 20%, 8000 years old hunter-gatherer samples of the same haplogroup came out genetically very distant from Bulgarian and Balkan individuals by an autosomal analysis of skeletal remains from Loschbour cave in Luxembourg.[82]

Three Neolithic samples from Smyadovo culture were defined by mtDNA H and one late Enolithic by U52a2. Several mtDNA samples considered part of the Yamna culture came out haplogroups T2a1b1a, U2e1a, U5a1 and K.[28]

Medieval gene flow within West Eurasia is shown by lines linking the best-matching donor group to the sources of admixture with recipient clusters (arrowhead). Linecolors represent the regional identity of the donor group, and line thickness represents the proportion of DNA coming from the donor group. Ranges of the dates (point estimates) for events involving sources most similar to selected donor groups are shown.
The Impact of Recent Admixture in West Eurasia.

Computing the frequency of common point mutations of several mtDNA Thracian remains from Romania has resulted that the Italian (7.9%), the Albanian (6.3%) and the Greek (5.8%) have shown a bias of closer genetic kinship with the Thracian individuals than the Romanian and Bulgarian individuals (4.2%), but it was noted that more mtDNA sequences from Thracian individuals are needed in order to perform a complex objective statistical analysis.[83] Four samples from Iron Age Bulgaria were studied, the official study confirmed only that the two are male and mtDNA of two individuals - U3b for the Svilengrad man and HV for the Stambolovo man, those men were from Thracian burial sites, some of them victims of a ritual sacrifice, and are dated at around 450-850 BC.[84] Unofficial analysis of the raw data claims that the first one is positive for Y-DNA Haplogroup E-Z1919, who came out different from the rest by autosomal components. It also claims that according to the SNPs all the four samples came out male and also haplogroup J2-M410 was found among them, while another man's haplogroup came out negative for E, I and J and remained unknown but is likely R1, presumably R1b-Z2103.[85][86]

13 samples from medieval Bulgarian sites were alleged as originally Bulgar, but there is no evidence for that.[87] They were from a burial site from the Monastery of Mostich in Preslav, Nozharevo, Tuhovishte and most came out European mtDNA haplogroup H, including H1a2, H1r1, H1t1a1, H2a2a1 H5, H13a2c1, HV1, J, J1b1a1, T, T2 and U3 without any East Eurasian haplogroups found. It was shown a short genetic distance between these samples and modern Bulgarians.[88]

After at least 20 mediaval(10-14th century) mtDNA samples from Cedynia and Lednica in Poland, possibly Slavic, had been studied, the 855 sampled modern Bulgarians come out overally the closest group to these samples out of 20 other European nations and morever, they share the highest value of haplotypes with the medieval Polish population more than any other comapared nation does. Those medieval haplogroups included H, H1a, K1, K2, X2, X4, HV, J1b, R0a, HV0, H5a1a, N1b, T1a, J1b and W. The samples came out distant from modern Polish population, but nearest to the modern Bulgarian and Czech population.[53] 20 medieval(9-12th century) samples from Slovakian sites Nitra Šindolka and 8 from Čakajovce were compared to modern population and Bulgarians, and Portuguese came out nearest to them by genetic distance, however all these came out distant to modern Slovak population.[60]

Samples from three prehistoric European ancestor groups compared to modern peoples

Further evidence from ancient DNA, reconsiderations of mutation rates, and collateral evidence from autosomal DNA growth rates suggest that the major period of European population expansion occurred after the Holocene. Thus the current geographic spread and frequency of haplogroups has been continually shaped from the time of Palaeolithic colonization to beyond the Neolithic.[89] This process of genetic shaping continued into recorded history, such as the Slavic migrations.[90]

Recent studies of ancient DNA have revealed that European populations are largely descending from three ancestral groups. The first one are Paleolithic Siberians, the second one are Paleolithic European hunter-gatherers, and the third one are early farmers and later arrivals from the Near East and West Asia. According to this, Bulgarians are predominantly (~ 2/3) descending from early Neolithic farmers spreading the agriculture from Anatolia, and from West Asian Bronze Age invaders and cluster together with other Southern Europeans. Another of the admixture signals in that farmers involves some ancestry related to East Asians, with ~ 2% total Bulgarian ancestry proportion linking to a presence of nomadic groups in Europe, from the time of the Huns to that of the Ottomans. A third signal involves admixture between the North European group from one side and the West Asian - Early farmers' group from another side, at approximately the same time as the East Asian admixture, ca. 850 AD. This event may correspond to the expansion of Slavic language speaking people. The analysis documents the hunter-gatherer admixture in Bulgarians at a level from ca. 1/3.[91]

According to Genographic Project's autosomal study called Your Regional Ancestry based on nine regional affiliations, the Bulgarians regional ancestry results are as follows: 47% Mediterranean and 20% southwest Asian impact, which reflect the strong influence of neolithic agriculturalists from the Fertile Crescent; 31% Northern European component that reflects Paleolithic hunter-gathers' ancestry; 2% Northeast Asian component which shows there have been some mixings with Asiatic inviders.[92]

Anthropological and genetic global maps[edit]

  • A111T polymorphism in SLC24A5 is a major factor in light skin representing 25–40% of the tone difference between Europeans and Africans. The origins of sampled populations are indicated (+).

  • Some alleles responsible for fair hair and light eyes. Bulgarian samples show levels of rs1667394-T that are typical for northern Europe.

  • Global frequencies of blue-eye associated haplotypes. (no Bulgarian samples).

  • Hypothetic distribution of androgenic hair.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0-313-30984-1, pp. 134–135. Google Books. 2000-01-01. ISBN 9780313309847. Retrieved 2011-11-13. 
  2. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3. 
  3. ^ Kopeček, Michal (2007). Balázs Trencsényi, ed. Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-963-7326-60-8. 
  4. ^ a b c Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age, Reykjavíkur Akademían, 2010, ISBN 9979992212, p. 194.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t [1] Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data, Alena Kushniarevich et al. September 2, 2015; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Rebala et. al. (2007) [2] Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin
  7. ^ a b Garrett Hellenthal et al [3] A genetic atlas of human admixture history
  8. ^ Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry, Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, et al. (2013) Retrieved Oct 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Karachanak 2013
  10. ^ Varzari 2003 and 2007, Kushniarevich 2015, Noevski 2010, Marjanovic 2005, Mrsic 2012, Todorovic 2014, Vakar et al 2010
  11. ^ a b Jean Manco. "Mesolithic Western Eurasian DNA". 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "Family Tree DNA - Bulgarian DNA Project". 
  13. ^ a b yfull
  14. ^ "L621". 
  15. ^ "Славяне и субстрат". 
  16. ^ Rootsi 2004
  17. ^ "Peopling of Europe 2014 – Identifying the Ghost Population". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy. 
  18. ^ a b (Karachanak 2013)
  19. ^ a b Cruciani 2004
  20. ^ "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12" (PDF). 
  21. ^ Lacan 2011
  22. ^ Cruciani
  23. ^ Sarno et al 2015, King et al 2008, Mirabal et al, Petricic et al 2005, Martinez-Cruz 2012
  24. ^ a b "European Journal of Human Genetics - Supplementary Information for article: The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". 
  25. ^ Galabov et al
  26. ^ [4]
  27. ^ Cruciani 2010, Klyosov 2012
  28. ^ a b Manco, Jean (29 December 2015). "Ancient Western Eurasian DNA of the Copper and Bronze Ages". ancestraljourneys.org. Retrieved 1 May 2016. 
  29. ^ Myles et al
  30. ^ Marjanovic 2005 et al
  31. ^ Cinniouglu et al
  32. ^ Rosser, ZH; Zerjal, T; Hurles, ME; et al. (December 2000). "Figure 5: Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67: 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479. 
  33. ^ Martinez-Cruz, B; Ioana, M; Calafell, F; Arauna, LR; Sanz, P; Ionescu, R; Boengiu, S; Kalaydjieva, L; Pamjav, H; Makukh, H; Plantinga, T; van der Meer, JW; Comas, D; Netea, MG (2012). "Y-Chromosome Analysis in Individuals Bearing the Basarab Name of the First Dynasty of Wallachian Kings". PLoS ONE 7: e41803. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041803. PMC 3404992. PMID 22848614. 
  34. ^ Kasperaviciūte, D; Kucinskas, V; Stoneking, M (September 2004). "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians". Annals of Human Genetics 68: 438–452. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. 
  35. ^ Karachanak 2013, Table 2
  36. ^ Völgyi et al 2008
  37. ^ Vágó-Zalán Andrea 2012 A magyar populáció genetikai elemzése nemi kromoszómális markerek alapján.
  38. ^ Arnaiz-Villena; et al. (1992). "(June 2003) HLA Genes in the Chuvashian Population from European Russia: Admixture of Central European and Mediterranean Populations". Human Biology 75 (3): 375–392. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0040. PMID 14527201. 
  39. ^ [5]
  40. ^ Jakovski; et al. (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Sci. Int. Genet 5: e108–e111. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005. 
  41. ^ Alshamali et al. Local Population Structure in Arabian Peninsula Revealed by Y-STR Diversity
  42. ^ Mrsic et al
  43. ^ Varzari 2006
  44. ^ Karachanak 2009
  45. ^ "Bulgarian_Y_Table". Google Docs. 
  46. ^ Martinez-Cruz 2012
  47. ^ a b Karachanak 2012
  48. ^ "Family Tree DNA - Bulgarian DNA Project". 
  49. ^ Loogvali 2004
  50. ^ a b Rosser et. al. [6] Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language
  51. ^ Sena Karachanak et al. „Bulgarians vs the other European populations: a mitochondrial DNA perspective." International Journal of Legal Medicine, June 15, 2011.[7]
  52. ^ [8] Mitochondrial DNA Suggests a Western Eurasian origin for Ancient (Proto-) Bulgarians
  53. ^ a b [9] p. 100 [10] Anna Juras, Etnogeneza Słowian w świetle badań kopalnego DNA, Praca doktorska wykonana w Zakładzie Biologii Ewolucyjnej Człowieka Instytutu Antropologii UAM w Poznaniu pod kierunkiem Prof. dr hab. Janusza Piontka
  54. ^ mtDNA PCA[11]
  55. ^ balanovsky 2012
  56. ^ "PubMed Central Image Viewer.". 
  57. ^ [12]
  58. ^ [13]
  59. ^ Wolfgang Haak et al.
  60. ^ a b Csákyová, V; Szécsényi-Nagy, A; Csősz, A; Nagy, M; Fusek, G; Langó, P; Bauer, M; Mende, BG; Makovický, P; Bauerová, M (2016). "Maternal Genetic Composition of a Medieval Population from a Hungarian-Slavic Contact Zone in Central Europe". PubMed Central (PMC) 11: e0151206. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151206. PMC 4786151. PMID 26963389. 
  61. ^ a b Novembre, J; Johnson, T; Bryc, K; et al. (November 2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature 456: 98–101. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC 2735096. PMID 18758442. 
  62. ^ [14]
  63. ^ "Ancestry Composition AU, DE, FR & EU - 23andMe". 
  64. ^ a b PLOS —The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe, Peter Ralph, Graham Coo, May 7, 2013 – doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555
  65. ^ "Greeks - Sub-Saharan Africa - Origin - Arnaiz-Villena". 
  66. ^ Lao, O; Lu, TT; Nothnagel, M; et al. (August 2008). "Correlation between Genetic and Geographic Structure in Europe". Current Biology 18: 1241–1248. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049. PMID 18691889. 
  67. ^ Karmin M 2015
  68. ^ Underhill 2014
  69. ^ Novembre 2008, Yanusbaev 2012.
  70. ^ Iosif Lazaridis et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, bioRxiv doi:10.1101/001552
  71. ^ [15]
  72. ^ [16]
  73. ^ The Slavic Languages, Roland Sussex, Paul Cubberley, Publisher Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 1139457284, p. 42.
  74. ^ Two autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorders – FRDA and LGMD2A, in a single Bulgarian pedigree, Savina Tincheva et al. Scripta Scientifica Medica Vol 47, No 4 (2015). DOI
  75. ^ [17]
  76. ^ [18]
  77. ^ [19]
  78. ^ [20]
  79. ^ [21]
  80. ^ [22]
  81. ^ [23][24]
  82. ^ Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, Iosif Lazaridis et al., Nature 513, 409–413 (18 September 2014) doi:10.1038/nature13673
  83. ^ G. Cardos, V. Stoian, N. Miritoiu, A. Comsa, A. Kroll, S. Voss, and Alexander Rodewald. "Paleo-mtDNA analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian populations from South-East of Romania." Romanian Society of Legal Medicine 12:4 (2004): pages 239-246.
  84. ^ Carpenter, ML; Buenrostro, JD; Valdiosera, C; Schroeder, H; Allentoft, ME; Sikora, M; Rasmussen, M; Gravel, S; Guillén, S; Nekhrizov, G; Leshtakov, K; Dimitrova, D; Theodossiev, N; Pettener, D; Luiselli, D; Sandoval, K; Moreno-Estrada, A; Li, Y; Wang, J; Gilbert, MT; Willerslev, E; Greenleaf, WJ; Bustamante, CD (2013). "Pulling out the 1%: Whole-Genome Capture for the Targeted Enrichment of Ancient DNA Sequencing Libraries". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93: 852–64. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.002. PMC 3824117. PMID 24568772. 
  85. ^ Genetiker (1 September 2015). "More Y-SNP calls from Iron and Bronze Age Bulgaria". genetiker.wordpress.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016. 
  86. ^ Genetiker (11 June 2014). "Analyses of Iron and Bronze Age Bulgarian genomes". genetiker.wordpress.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016. 
  87. ^ Божидар Димитров за изследване на БАН: Копелета, има пари за усвояване! 11.10.2013 г. Новини.Бг.
  88. ^ Mitochondrial DNA Suggests a Western Eurasian origin for Ancient (Proto-) Bulgarians, (2015). Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints. Paper 69. http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol_preprints/69
  89. ^ Pinhasi 2012, Ricaut 2012.
  90. ^ Rower 2005, Ralph 2012
  91. ^ Science 14 February 2014, Vol. 343 no. 6172 pp. 747-751, "A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History", Garrett Hellenthal at al.
  92. ^ National Genographic project Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations.
Sub-topics
Population genetics by region
Population genetics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_studies_on_Bulgarians&oldid=726377529"