^ abBasque contrasts two consonants that sound similar to the /s/ of Englishː /s̺/, which is apical, and /s̻/, which is laminal. Similarly, /ts̺/ and /ts̻/ are contrasted in the same way.
^/x/ is frequently heard due to its prevalence in Gipuzkoan but the realisation of the graphemej varies depending on dialect and includes [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x, χ]. The last, which resembles Scottish Englishloch, is typical of Gipuzkoan and the dialect of Gernika.
^The Basque /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of play (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bed; the Basque vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^The Basque /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of coat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Basque vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
