International Freedom Battalion

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International Freedom Battalion
Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal
Dates of operation10 June 2015 – present
Group(s)See groups
Active regionsRojava, Syria
IdeologyRevolutionary socialism
Proletarian internationalism
Anti-fascism
Factions:
Anarchism
Communism
Political positionFar-left
StatusActive
Allies Syrian Democratic Forces

YPG International[1][2]
Logo of Antifascist Forces in Afrin.svg Antifascist Forces in Afrin
TKP-Kıvılcım
Kurdistan Workers' Party

Opponents Islamic State
 Turkey
Syrian National Army
Battles and warsSyrian Civil War
Flag
Flag of the International Freedom Battalion.svg
Insignia
International Freedom Battalion's Badge.svg

The International Freedom Battalion (Turkish: Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu; Kurdish: Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal; Arabic: تابور الحرية العالمي), commonly abbreviated as IFB or EÖT, is a revolutionary socialist armed group consisting of leftist foreign fighters fighting for the People's Defense Units in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Rojava Revolution and against the Turkish Armed Forces, the Syrian National Army, and Islamic State.[4][5] The formation of the IFB was announced in June 2015 in Ras al-Ayn.[6] Inspiration for the group came from the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. The political ideologies of the fighters include anarchism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Maoism, and anarcho-communism.

Main groups[edit]

The International Freedom Battalion was formed by left-wing armed groups (as well as individuals not part of any other groups), most of whom had been fighting with the YPG before the creation of the IFB. These groups include:

Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri[edit]

Main article: United Freedom Forces

The United Freedom Forces (Turkish: Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri, or BÖG), inspired by the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War, were founded in December 2014 in the town of Kobanî as an organization of foreign leftist fighters of both revolutionary socialist and anarchist convictions. While the MLKP didn't join,[7] these groups would eventually unite in the International Freedom Battalion. BÖG also has a female branch named "Women's Freedom Forces" (Kadın Özgürlük Gücü in Turkish).[8] BÖG is considered to be the largest group within the International Freedom Battalion.[9] BOG contains several factions, see Member groups

Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi[edit]

Main article: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)

The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkish: Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi, abbreviated as MLKP) is an underground Hoxhaist communist party from Turkey. MLKP fighters had reportedly been sent to Syria to fight with the People's Defense Units since 2012. MLKP fighters also joined the Kurdistan Workers' Party's (PKK) December 2014 Sinjar offensive in Northern Iraq in defence of the Yezidi minority in Sinjar.[10] In March 2015 a 19-year-old German woman, Ivana Hoffmann, was killed whilst fighting the Islamic State (IS) during the Eastern al-Hasakah offensive, making her the third foreign fighter, as well as the first female foreign fighter, to die while fighting alongside the YPG.[11][12] MLKP's female organisation, Komünist Kadın Örgütü, has also been involved in fighting.[13] MLKP was heavily involved in forming the International Freedom Battalion.

TKP/ML TİKKO[edit]

Main article: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist

The Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye İşci ve Köylü Kurtuluş Ordusu, abbreviated as TİKKO) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist, abbreviated as TKP/ML), a Maoist insurgent organisation in Turkey. On 25 March 2016, the TKP/ML TİKKO headquarters in Serêkaniyê were targeted by a motorcycle bomb, causing slight injuries to two members and damage to the headquarters. Two suspects were detained by the Asayiş.[14][15][16]

Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist[edit]

Main article: Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist

The Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist, abbreviated as TKEP/L) is an illegal Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey.[17]

Sosyal İsyan[edit]

Social Insurrection was founded in 2013 in Turkey by a group of green anarchists in Tuzluçayır.[9][18][19]

Reconstrucción Comunista[edit]

Main article: Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)
Flag of RC

Communist Reconstruction (Spanish: Reconstrucción Comunista, abbreviated as RC) is a Marxist-Leninist group from Spain. The group carries a variant of the Flag of the Second Spanish Republic. RC has strong ties to the MLKP and members fight as part of MLKP formations, even fighting in Sinjar. Two members of the group were arrested by police after their return to Spain and were accused of participating in an armed conflict outside of Spain without authorization from the state, as well as putting national interests at risk and joining groups fighting against ISIL that are considered terrorist organizations by international organizations.[20] In January 2016, eight Spanish citizens and one Turkish citizen were arrested in Spain.[21] The Spanish Interior Ministry said in a statement that "The detained, in collaboration with other individuals residing in various European countries, were providing the necessary infrastructure for displaced people to travel abroad and to finally integrate in the ranks of the Peoples' Protection Units (YPG) or one of the armed wings of the organization" and that the majority of the arrested belong to the group 'Communist Reconstruction'.[22]

Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity[edit]

Main article: Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity

The Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity (Greek: Επαναστατικός Σύνδεσμος Διεθνιστικής Αλληλεγγύης, abbreviated as ΕΣΔΑ) is an armed fighter group from Greece.[23][24] They have fought in Syria since 2015. Their appearance has alarmed Greek security and intelligence officials alleging that "warriors will be trained in guerilla warfare and then will be able to apply what they have learned in their homeland".[25]

Bob Crow Brigade[edit]

Flag of the Bob Crow Brigade

The Bob Crow Brigade (abbreviated as BCB) is a group of fighters from the United Kingdom and Ireland[26] named after Bob Crow, an English trade union leader and self-described "communist/socialist", who had died of a heart attack in March 2014. The group expressed solidarity with striking rail workers in the United Kingdom.[27] Steve Hedley, senior assistant general secretary of the RMT, said: "Bob would have been honoured that young people from Britain would fight the forces of evil in his name. A great admirer of the international brigades that fought in Spain, Crow would of course have drawn the parallels with the new international brigades fighting clerical fascism and defending Yazhidi, Muslim and Christian workers from slavery and persecution."[28]

After Turkey and its allied rebel groups invaded parts of northern Syria and clashed with the Syrian Democratic Forces, Turkish officials stated that they will treat British and other foreign volunteers fighting alongside the YPG as terrorists.[29][30] On 2 September, the Bob Crow Brigade relocated from the Raqqa front to Manbij and stated "When we came to defend the revolution we meant from all enemies, big or small".[31] On 7 September 2016, the Bob Crow Brigade sent a message of solidarity to the women of Ireland fighting to repeal the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on the 33rd anniversary of its approval by referendum, as well as striking Irish bus workers the following day.[32][33]

Henri Krasucki Brigade[edit]

The flag of the Henri Krasucki Brigade[24]

The Henri Krasucki Brigade (French: Brigade Henri Krasucki) is a group of fighters from France. Inspired by their English-speaking counterparts of the Bob Crow Brigade, they named themselves after the French trade-unionist Henri Krasucki.[24] The group expressed solidarity with the CGT union and the Air France workers on trial for the "shirt-ripping case" over an incident on 5 October 2015, which arose from a dispute over the aviation giant's plans to cut 2,900 jobs.[34]

International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces[edit]

Main article: International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces
The flag of the IRPGF

The International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (abbreviated as IRPGF) was a militant, armed, self-organized, and horizontal collective of foreign anarchist fighters from around the world. The formation of the IRPGF was announced on 31 March 2017 in a video and text release to several revolutionary websites and media organizations.[35] According to the declaration of the group, their goals are to defend the social revolution in Rojava and spread anarchism.

They are a member organization and part of the management team of the International Freedom Battalion since April 2017, this was announced by the IFB on 17 May on their Facebook page. Their public formation and solidarity campaigns have garnered interest and support from around the world as well as backlash.[36][37] On 24 July, the group established an LGBT unit, the TQILA.[38][39] On September 24, 2018, the group announced its dissolution in a final communique.[40]

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army[edit]

Main article: The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army
The flag of TQILA

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (abbreviated as TQILA)[note 1] was a unit of the IFB announced on 24 July 2017, by members of the IRPGF from Raqqa City and disbanded on 24 September 2018. The group launched a statement explaining the purposes of its formation in which the response to persecution of LGBT persons by ISIL is highlighted as one of the main motivations of the group.

They were part of the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces and International Freedom Battalion.

Michael Israel Brigade[edit]

The Michael Israel Brigade formed in early 2018 at the time of the Battle of Afrin as an international volunteer unit.[41] It adopted its name in homage to an American fighter of the International Freedom Battalion, Michael Israel, also known as Robin Agiri, killed by a Turkish bombardment northeast of al-Bab on November 29, 2016, during Operation Euphrates Shield.[41] In its first press release, published on February 13, 2018, the brigade presented itself as a "group of communists, socialists, anarchists and anti-fascists, from all four corners of the world, [...] united in Rojava by the principles of solidarity, internationalism and anti-fascism".[41] The group is made up of far-left foreign volunteers, mainly Turks and Westerners.[41]

The brigade announced that it was going to the front in Afrin on February 19, 2018.[41] However, the Syrian Democratic Forces were severely affected by the artillery and air strikes of the Turkish Army.[41] The Michael Israel Brigade announced its withdrawal from Afrin on March 22, 2018, it recognized the death of at least one of its fighters - a Turkish volunteer named Şevger Ara Makhno, killed on March 8 by an airstrike in the village of Berbêné - as well as several wounded.[41] Some fighters were then sent to eastern Syria to take part in the offensive.[41]

Structure[edit]

Gallery[edit]

  • Members of International Freedom Battalion.

  • IFB members in the ceremony and burial of Ayşe Deniz Karacagil of MLKP in Kobanê.

  • Women of IFB in solidarity with Ni una menos.

  • Members of International Freedom Battalion.

  • IFB members in solidarity with PFLP.

  • Some members of the Bob Crow Brigade.

Fatalities[edit]

Date of death Name Age Nationality Group Location of death
Ase Johnson N/A Australian YPG [42]
September 2013 Serkan Tosun N/A Turkish MLKP Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
2 March 2015 Konstandinos Erik Scurfield 25 British, Greek YPG Tel Khuzela[44][45]
7 March 2015 Ivana Hoffmann 19 German MLKP near Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[46]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
7 March–19 May 2015 N/A N/A Turkish MLKP Ayn al-Arab District, Aleppo Governorate & Al-Hasakah Governorate[43]
25 May 2015 Bedrettin Akdeniz N/A Turkish BÖG Til Xenzir, Al-Hasakah Governorate[47]
2 June 2015 Mahir Arpaçay N/A Turkish BÖG near Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[48]
21 September 2015 Aziz Güler N/A Turkish BÖG near Ras al-Ayn, Al-Hasakah Governorate[49]
28 June 2016 Eylem Ataş N/A Turkish BÖG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[50]
July 2016 Dean Evans 22 British Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[44]
14 July 2016 Levi "Agir Servan" Shirley 24 American YPG Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[51]
24 November 2016 Michael Israel 27 American YPG & BÖG west of Manbij, Aleppo Governorate[52][53]
21 December 2016 Ryan Lock 20 British YPG Raqqa[54][44][55]
21 December 2016 Nazzareno Tassone 24 Canadian YPG Raqqa[54][56]
7 January 2017 Muzaffer Kandemir N/A Turkish BÖG west of Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[57]
10 May 2017 Ulaş Bayraktaroğlu N/A Turkish BÖG near Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[58]
29 May 2017 Ayşe Deniz Karacagil 23 Turkish MLKP near Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[59][60]
29 May 2017 Hasan Ali N/A Turkish BÖG near Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[61][62]
5 July 2017 Luke Rutter 22 British YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[44]
5 July 2017 Nicholas Warden 29 American YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[63]
5 July 2017 Robert Grodt 28 American YPG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[64]
14 August 2017 Nubar Ozanyan 61 Turkish TKP/ML Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[65]
September 2017 Gökhan Taşyakan 38 Turkish BÖG Raqqa, Raqqa Governorate[66]
1–2 February 2018 Sinan Ateş N/A Turkish TKEP/L Afrin district[67]
24 February 2018 Haukur Hilmarsson 31 Icelandic YPG, RUIS, MLKP[68] Afrin district[69][70]
4 March 2018 Şevger Ara Makhno N/A Turkish YPG, AFFA, Tekoşîna Anarşîst near Rajo, Afrin district[71][72]
13 March 2018 Taylan Demircioğlu N/A Turkish YPG, TKEP/L Afrin district[73]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, MLKP Afrin district[72]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, MLKP Afrin district[72]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, MLKP Afrin district[72]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, DKP Afrin district[72]
March 2018 N/A N/A Turkish YPG, DKP Afrin district[72]
18 March 2019 Lorenzo Orsetti 33 Italian TKP/ML (early)
Tekoşîna Anarşîst 		Al-Baghuz Fawqani, Deir ez-Zor Governorate[74]
16 October 2019 Konstantin "Andok Cotkar" G. N/A German YPG Serekaniyê, Rojava
3 November 2019 Ceren Güneş N/A Turkish DKP Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[75]
6 November 2019 Aynur Ada N/A Turkish Women's Freedom Forces Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[76]
6 November 2019 Yasin Aydın N/A Turkish United Freedom Forces Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[76]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pronounced like the word tequila.
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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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