Voiced bilabial stop
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Voiced bilabial stop | |
|---|---|
| b | |
| IPA number | 102 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | b |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0062 |
| X-SAMPA | b |
| Kirshenbaum | b |
| Braille |  |
| Sound | |
|
|
|
The voiced bilabial stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨b⟩ in boy. Many Indian languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between breathy voiced /bʱ/ and plain /b/.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced bilabial stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Varieties[edit]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| b | plain b |
| bʷ | labialised |
| b̜ʷ | semi-labialised |
| b̹ʷ | strongly labialised |
| bʲ | palatalised |
| bʱ | breathy voiced |
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | бгъу |  [bʁʷə] (help·info) |
'nine' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | كتب | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | baba | [baːba] | 'father' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | բարի | [bɑˈɾi] (help·info) |
'kind' | |
| Basque | bero | [beɾo] | 'hot' | ||
| Bengali | বলো | [bɔlo] | 'say!' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | bèstia | [ˈbɛstiə] | 'beast' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Southern Min | 閩 | [ban] | 'Fujian province' | Only in colloquial speech. |
| Wu | 皮 | [bi] | 'skin' | ||
| Xiang | 浮 | [bau] | 'to float' | ||
| Czech | bota | [ˈbota] | 'boot' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | boer | [buːr] | 'farmer' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | aback | [əˈbæk] | 'aback' | See English phonology | |
| French[5] | boue | [bu] | 'mud' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[6] | ბავშვი | [ˈbavʃvi] | 'child' | ||
| German | Bub | [buːp] | 'boy' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | μπόχα/bócha | [ˈbo̞xa] | 'reek' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | બક્રી | [bəkri] | 'goat' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | בית | [bajit] | 'house' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | बाल | [bɑːl] | 'hair' | Contrasts with aspirated version ⟨भ⟩. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | baba | [ˈbɒbɒ] | 'baby' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[7] | bile | [ˈbile] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[8] | 番/ban | [baɴ] | '(one's) turn' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | бгъуы | [bʁʷə] (help·info) |
'nine' | ||
| Korean | 차비/chabi | [t͡ɕʰɐbi] | 'fare' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[9] | geblosen | [ɡɵ̞ˈbloːzɵ̞n] | 'blown' | More often voiceless [p].[9] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | убав | [ˈubav] | 'beautiful' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | baru | [bäru] | 'new' | ||
| Maltese | għatba | [aːtˈba] | 'threshold' | ||
| Marathi | बटाटा | [bəˈʈaːʈaː] | 'potato' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | bål | [ˈbɔːl] | 'bonfire' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | خوب | [xub] | 'good' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'parent' | ||
| Polish[10] | bas | [bäs] (help·info) |
'bass' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[11] | bato | [ˈbatʊ] | 'I strike' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਬਿੱਲੀ | [bɪlːi] | 'cat' | ||
| Romanian[12] | bou | [bow] | 'bull' | See Romanian phonology. | |
| Russian[13] | рыба | [ˈrɨbə] | 'fish' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | byť | [bic] | 'to be' | ||
| Spanish[14] | invertir | [ĩmbe̞rˈtir] | 'to invest' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | bra | [ˈbɾɑː] | 'good' | May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | bulut | [ˈbuɫut̪] | 'cloud' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | брат | [ˈbrɑt̪] | 'brother' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | بال | [bɑːl] | 'hair' | Contrasts with aspirated version(بھ). See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| West Frisian | bak | [bak] | 'tray' | ||
| Yi | ꁧ/bbo | [bo˧] | 'mountain' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[15] | bald | [bal͡d] | 'few' | |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography[edit]
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
