Upper Chinook language
| Upper Chinook | |
|---|---|
| Kiksht | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Columbia River |
| Extinct | 2012[1] with the death of Gladys Thompson |
|
Chinookan
|
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wac |
| Glottolog | wasc1239[2] |
Upper Chinook, also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers in 1990, of whom 7 were monolingual: five Wasco[3] and two Wishram. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco.[4]
The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht, Gladys Thompson, died in 2012.[1] She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007.[5][6][7] Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006.[8] The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools.[9][10] Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive.[11]
Dialects[edit]
- Multnomah, once spoken on Sauvie Island and in the Portland area in northwestern Oregon
- Kiksht
Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect; it was not mutually intelligible.
References[edit]
- ^ a b Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17). "Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Wasco-Wishram". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Culture: Language. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)
- ^ "Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Wasco Indians". National Geographic. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ Last Fluent Speaker of Kiksht Dies
- ^ "Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon.". 74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2007 Regular Session. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ "Zelma Smith, 1926-2010". Spilyay Tymoo, Coyote News, the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ Keith Chu (2006-07-30). "New speakers try to save language". The Bulletin (Bend, OR). Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ Aaron Clark. "USA: Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues". GALDU, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Bibliography[edit]
- Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah (1909). Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths. E.J. Brill. ASIN: B000855RIW.
External links[edit]
- Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Kiksht - Washco Wishram - Upper Chinook videos, YouTube
- Wasco-Wishram Indian Language (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas) at native-languages.org
- Digital Kiksht, video about digitizing Kiksht language materials
- Audio of spoken Kiksht
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