Tillamook language
| Tillamook | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Northwestern Oregon |
| Ethnicity | Tillamook, Siletz |
| Extinct | 1970[1] |
|
Salishan
|
|
| Dialects |
Tillamook
Siletz
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | til |
| Glottolog | till1254[2] |
Tillamook is an extinct Salishan language, formerly spoken by the Tillamook people in northwestern Oregon, United States. The last fluent speaker is believed to have died in the 1970s; between 1965 and 1972, in an effort to prevent the language from being lost, a group of researchers from the University of Hawaii interviewed the few remaining Tillamook-speakers and created a 120-page dictionary.[3]
Contents
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | ə |
| Low | æ | ɑ |
Consonants[edit]
| Alveolar | Postalveolar / palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central | Lateral | Unrounded | "Rounded" | Unrnd. | "Rnd." | |||
| Stop | t | k | kᵓ | q | qᵓ | ʔ | ||
| Ejective | tʼ | kʼ | kᵓʼ | qʼ | qᵓʼ | |||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| Ejective affricate | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ʃʼ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xᵓ | χ | χᵓ | h |
| Nasal | n | |||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ɰᵓ | |||||
Internal Rounding[edit]
The so-called "rounded" consonants (traditionally marked with the diacritic ⟨ʷ⟩, but here indicated with ⟨ᵓ⟩), including rounded vowels and ⟨w⟩ (/ɰᵓ/), are not actually labialized. The acoustic effect of labialization is created entirely inside the mouth by cupping the tongue. Uvulars with this distinctive internal rounding have "a kind of ɔ timbre" while "rounded" front velars have ɯ coloring. These contrast and oppose otherwise very similar segments having ɛ or ɪ coloring—the "unrounded" consonants.
/w/ is also formed with this internal rounding instead of true labialization, making it akin to [ɰ]. So are vowel sounds formerly written as /o/ or /u/, which are best characterized as the diphthong /əɰ/ with increasing internal rounding.[4]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Tillamook at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Tillamook". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Official site of Clatsop-Nehalem Confederated Tribes
- ^ Thompson & Thompson (1966), p. 316
Bibliography[edit]
- Thompson, Lawrence C.; M. Terry Thompson (1966). "A Fresh Look at Tillamook Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics 32 (4): 313–319. doi:10.1086/464920.
- Edel, May M (1939). The Tillamook language. New York: J.J. Augustin. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
- "May M. Edel papers". Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
External links[edit]
- University of Oregon: The Tillamook
- Tillamook Language
- "Tillamook Vocabulary". California Language Archive. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
- OLAC resources in and about the Tillamook language
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