Square dance

This article is about all the different forms of square dance. For specific details on the American traditional forms, see Traditional square dance. For specific details on the standardized American form, see Modern Western square dance.

For other uses, see Square dance (disambiguation).

Bent Creek Ranch Square Dance Team dancing at the Mountain Music Festival, Asheville, North Carolina.

A square dance is a dance for four couples (eight dancers) arranged in a square, with one couple on each side, facing the middle of the square. Square dances were first documented in 17th-century England but were also quite common in France and throughout Europe. They came to North America with the European settlers and have undergone considerable development there. In some countries and regions, through preservation and repetition, square dances have attained the status of a folk dance. The Western American square dance may be the most widely known form worldwide, possibly due to its association in the 20th century with the romanticized image of the American cowboy. Square dancing is, therefore, strongly associated with the United States. Nineteen U.S. states have designated it as their official state dance.

The various square dance movements are based on the steps and figures used in traditional folk dances and social dances from many countries. Some of these traditional dances include Morris dance, English Country Dance, Caledonians and the quadrille. Square dancing is enjoyed by people around the world, and people around the world are involved in the continuing development of this form of dance.

In most American forms of square dance, the dancers are prompted or cued through a sequence of steps (square dance choreography) by a caller to the beat (and, in some traditions, the phrasing) of music. The caller may be one of the dancers or musicians, but nowadays is more likely to be on stage, giving full attention to directing the dancers.

The American folk music revival in New York City in the 1950s was rooted in the resurgent interest in square dancing and folk dancing there in the 1940s, which gave musicians such as Pete Seeger popular exposure.

Main types of square dances

Terminology: In the United States, in general, people go to square dances and call it square dancing. In England, Ireland and Scotland people go to all sorts of dances at which some of the dances will be square dances, but they don’t say that they are “square dancing”.

Conversely, people not familiar with the various different forms of dance may ask for an evening of square dance meaning simply a barn dance where many different formations of dance are used. It is possible to go to one of these “square dances” and not do a single actual square dance all evening!

United States and Canada

Square dance in Montreal, Quebec in 1941

• Traditional square dance, which is also called "old time square dance". Traditional square dance is not standardized and can be subdivided into regional styles. The New England and Appalachian styles have been particularly well documented; both have survived to the present time. There are several other styles; some have survived or been revived in recent years, some have not. Traditional square dance is frequently presented in alternation with contra dances (particularly in revival groups) or with some form of freestyle couple dancing (at surviving local events). One ancestor of New England style square dances is the quadrille, and older New England callers occasionally refer to their squares as “quadrilles.” Where traditional square dance has been revived, it encompasses a wide range of new choreography.
• Modern Western square dance (MWSD), which is also called "Western square dance", "contemporary Western square dance", or "modern American square dance". Modern Western square dance evolved from the Western style of traditional square dance from about 1940 to 1960. Traditional Western square dancing was promoted beginning in the 1930s by Lloyd Shaw, who solicited definitions from callers across the country in order to preserve that dance form and make it available to other teachers. Since the 1970s modern Western square dance has been promoted and standardized by Callerlab, the "International Association of Square Dance Callers". Because of this standardization, it is possible for anyone with the proper training to enjoy modern Western square dancing in many countries around the world; although instruction is typically given in the local language, the calls are always in English. Modern Western square dance is sometimes presented in alternation with round dances.

England

• Playford: John Playford published The English Dancing Master in 1651. Eight of the 105 dances are square dances, many exhibiting concepts that we still use today such as the Heads performing an action and then the Sides repeating the same action. Three of the dances, such as “Dull Sir John”, actually state "A Square Dance for Eight thus" (see the diagram on the right). Square dances such as “Newcastle”, one of those original eight, are still very popular today, and countless new dances have been written in the Playford style, or English Country Dance (ECD) style as it is known in the United States.
• Folk Dance /Barn dance: At English folk or country dances a very wide range of dances is performed, many of which are square dances: Playford style dances; dances derived from the quadrille, for example “La Russe” published by H.D. Willock in the “Manual of Dancing” (c.1847); regional traditional folk dances such as the “Goathland Square Eight” and the “Cumberland Square Eight”; American traditional square dances; plus countless new square dances written in the 20th and 21st centuries.
• Céilidh: Ceilidhs often include square dances. At English Ceilidhs the same squares may be done as at folk dances or barn dances, but with more stepping. Stepping includes skip steps, hop steps, polka steps and rants.

Ireland

• Céilí: Ceili dances cover a wide range of formations, including many square dances.
• Irish set dance: Square dances with strong regional associations. Tops (rather than Heads) and Sides are used extensively. Stepping, often with a flat-foot polka step is normal.

Scotland

• Scottish country dance: Scottish dances cover a wide range of formations, including many square dances.

International

• Square dancing is typically "called" (directed verbally by an individual, the caller) in English language throughout the world. Once a person learns the calls, the person can generally square dance internationally. However, as may be expected, there are slight style and call title variations throughout the world. For example, the calls "Yellow Rock" and "Stack the Wood" both instruct a dancer to hug the next person.

Numbering of couples

Couple numbering in a square dance set usually begins with the couple nearest the head of the hall (the side of the room containing the musicians and caller, or in the pre-caller era, the royal presence or other hosts or important guests). This couple is the "first" or "number one" couple.

If most of the figures are danced between facing couples across the set, as in the 19th century quadrille and dances derived from it, the couple opposite the first is the "second couple". The first and second couples constitute the "head" or "top" couples (or the "head and foot" couples); the third and fourth couples are the "side" couples. In the 19th century quadrille, the third couple is to the first couple's right. In Irish set dances, the third couple (sometimes termed the "first side couple") is to the left of the "first top couple" (the couples facing the first top and first side are the "second top couple" and the "second side couple" respectively).

If most figures are danced around the set, with one or more couples visiting the others in turn, the couples are likewise numbered around the set. In 17th century England they were numbered clockwise, with the second couple to the first couple's left. In most present-day American square dance traditions, the couples are numbered counterclockwise: the second couple is to the first couple's right, the third couple is across from the first, and the fourth couple is to the left of the first. The first and third are "head couples" or "heads" (or, in older parlance, the "first four"); the second and fourth are "side couples" or "sides" (formerly "side four" or "second four").

Comparing square dance calls

In this context a "call" refers to the name of a specific dance movement. It may alternatively refer to the phrase used by a caller to cue the dancers so they dance the specified movement, or to the dance movement itself. It mirrors the ambiguity of the word "dance", which may mean a dance event, the dancing of an individual to the playing of one piece of music, or dancing in general.

In many communities, especially in Scotland and Ireland, the dancers are expected to know the dance and there is no caller.

A square dance call may take a very short time or a very long time to execute. Most calls require between 4 and 32 "counts" (where a count is roughly one step). In traditional square dancing the timing of a call is dictated by tradition; in some regional styles, particularly that of New England, the dance movements are closely fitted to the phrases of the music. In modern Western square dancing many calls have been given formally specified durations, based partly on direct observation of how long it takes an average dancer to execute them.

Traditional and modern Western square dancing have a number of calls in common, but there are usually small differences in the way they are performed. For example, the "Allemande Left" is traditionally performed by grasping left hands with the other dancer, pulling away from each other slightly, and walking halfway around a central axis then stepping through. In modern Western dance the grip is modified so that each dancer grips the forearm of the other, and there is no pulling (that is, each dancer supports his or her own weight). These modifications make it easier to enter and exit the movement, and thus easier to incorporate into a long sequence of calls.

Traditional square dance uses a comparatively small number of calls—between about ten and thirty, depending on the region and the individual caller. (Many traditional square dance calls are similar or identical to contra dance calls, which are described at Contra dance choreography). New dance moves are explained by the caller.

In modern Western square dance the participants are expected to have learned and become proficient in a particular program, a defined set of calls. Dancing modern Western square dance is constantly challenging and surprising due to the unknown or unexpected choreography of the caller (that is, the way the caller ties together the "calls" and the formations which result)—unlike traditional square dance, very rarely are two modern Western dances ever alike. Like traditional square dancing, recovering from occasional mistakes is often part of the fun. Dancers are usually encouraged to dance only those programs at which they are reasonably proficient, the default level of achievement being the Mainstream program. All programs are set by Callerlab, the callers' international professional association, which also governs the training of callers.

Comparing square dance music

Old-time fiddlers often accompany traditional square dances.

Scottish and Irish dances are normally done to traditional tunes. English dances may be done to traditional tunes, though, especially at ceilidhs, there is experimentation with many different musical styles.

The two types of American square dance are accompanied by different types of music.

Traditional square dance is almost always danced to live music. Since the 19th century, much of the square dance repertoire has been derived from jigs and reels from Scotland and Ireland, sometimes in relatively unaltered form, sometimes as played in the old time music tradition or as adapted by other cultures such as that of Quebec. This sort of music is played on acoustic instruments, such as the fiddle, banjo, guitar and double bass; certain instruments, including the piano, accordion, concertina and hammered dulcimer, are popular in specific regions. In some communities where square dancing has survived, the prevailing form of music has become popular songs from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, played on instruments such as saxophones, drums, and electric guitars. Tempos can vary from around 108 to more than 150 bpm, depending on the regional style.

Modern Western square dancing is danced to a variety of music types, everything from pop to traditional country to Broadway musical to contemporary country music—even rock, Motown, techno and hip-hop. The music is usually played from recordings; the tempo is also more uniform than in traditional dancing, as the "perfect" modern Western square dance tempo is 120–128 bpm. At this speed dancers take one step per beat of the music.

Other comparisons

Square dancers performing outdoors in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany in 2014

Modern Western square dance is organized by square dance clubs. Clubs offer classes, social and dance evenings, as well as arrange for larger dances which are usually open to the general square dancing public (i.e. non-club members). Larger dances sometimes request a strict western-style dress code, which originated in the late '50s and early '60s and is known as "traditional square dance attire", although it was not traditional before that time. Clubs may choose to advertise their dances as requiring less strict dress codes known as "proper" or "casual" (no dress code). Traditional square dance groups are less structured and often have no particular dress code. Traditional-revival groups typically adopt very casual dress; where traditional square dancing has survived as a community social dance, people often dress up a bit, though their clothing is not square-dance-specific. As Modern Western square dance moves well into the 21st century, welcoming new generations of dancers, more clubs and associations are encouraging a variety of dress, from casual jeans and T-shirt, to "square dance attire," to prairie skirts, and all styles of dressy and casual clothes.

The lines between the two forms of American square dancing have become blurred in recent years. Traditional-revival choreographers have begun to use basic movements that were invented for modern Western dancing, and a few modern Western callers incorporate older dances from various traditions, such as New England or Appalachian, into their programs.

Variations

While the standard formation for a square dance is four couples in a square, there are many variations on the theme. Here are some examples:

• Ninepins: a square with one extra person in the middle
• Winter Solstice: a square with one extra couple in the middle
• Hexitation: a square with two couples in each of the Head positions.
• Twelve Reel: a square with three people on each side, normally a man with a lady on either side of him.
• Hexagon dancing: six couples arranged in a hexagon. There are three head couples and three side couples. Most commonly done by advanced and challenge level dancers
• Bigon: a square with four people, each of whom dances his/her own part and that of their opposite. Almost exclusively done by challenge level dancers due to the extreme mental flexibility required to grasp this difficult concept.

Modern choreography also includes dances which morph from one form to another. There are contra dances and four couple longways sets which turn into a square dance part of the way through the dance and then back to the original formation.

Grid Squares are dances where the squares are arranged in a grid, sets carefully aligned across the room and up and down the room. The calls move dancers from one square to another in intricate patterns.

See also

• Youth square dance
• Hoedown

Further reading

• Friedland, LeeEllen (1998). "Square Dancing". In Cohen, Selma Jeanne. International Encyclopedia of Dance 5. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 685–690. 
• Mayo, Margot (1943). The American Square Dance. New York: Sentinel books. 

External links

• Square Your Dance, multimedia collection of resources about square dancing
• Square Dance History Project, a virtual museum with about 1,500 items, including video and audio clips, photographs, essays, and articles, documenting the origins and growth of traditional and modern square dancing
• History and Heritage of Modern American Square Dancing
• Information & Resources on Australia's 1950s Square Dancing Boom
• History of Square and Contra Dance
• Callerlab: The International Association of Square Dance Callers
• WheresTheDance.com, international database of Square Dance clubs and events
• Square and Round Dancing Australia/NZ - Square and Round Dancing & Clogging in Australia and New Zealand
• Square Dance Resource Net - Square dance information including links to detailed explanations of calls, database of callers, and more
• US Associations
  • Associated Square Dancers Association (ASqD) of SoCal area square dance clubs, calendar of dances, clubs, classes, and events
  • Washington Area Square Dancers Cooperative Association
  • Virginia Square And Round Dance Association
  • Virginia Square Dancers Organization
  • Northern New Jersey Square Dancers Association (NNJSDA)
  • Western Star Dancers, a modern GLBT square dance and social club in San Francisco, California
  • Square Dance Foundation of New England has an extensive collection of books, records, photographs and other materials relating to the history of both traditional and modern square dancing. On the site are interviews with many callers and recordings of dances from the early 1960s.
  • Square Dance Federation of Minnesota, serving Minnesota, Northern Iowa, Western Wisconsin, and the Eastern Dakotas