Kichwa language

Kichwa
Native to	Ecuador, Colombia, Peru
Native speakers	(1.2 million cited 1991–2010)
Language family	Quechuan Quechua II Northern Kichwa
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: inb – Inga inj – Jungle Inga qvo – Napo Lowland qup – Southern Pastaza qud – Calderón Highland qxr – Cañar Highland qug – Chimborazo Highland qvi – Imbabura Highland qvj – Loja Highland qvz – Northern Pastaza qxl – Salasaca Highland quw – Tena Lowland
Glottolog	colo1257
Distribution of Quechua sub-groups. Kichwa is shown in blue.

Kichwa (Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language which includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (Inga), as well as extensions into Peru, and is spoken by a million people. The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo and Imbabura Highland Kichwa, with one to two million and half a million to one million speakers, respectively. Cañar Highland Quecha has 100,000–200,000 speakers; the others in the range of ten to twenty thousand. Kichwa belongs to the Northern Quechua group of Quechua II (according to Alfredo Torero).

Overview

Kichwa syntax has undergone some grammatical simplification compared to Southern Quechua, perhaps due to partial creolization with the pre-Inca languages of Ecuador.

A standardized language with a unified orthography (Kichwa Unificado, Shukyachiska Kichwa) has been developed. It is similar to Chimborazo, less some of the phonological peculiarities of that dialect.

The earliest grammatical description of Kichwa was written in the 17th century by the Jesuit priest Hernando de Alcocer.

First Efforts for Language Standardization and Bilingual Education

According to linguist Arturo Muyulema, the first steps in the teaching of Kichwa in schools was born in the forties, when Dolores Cacuango created various indigenous schools in Cayambe. Later, indigenous organizations initiated self-governed schools to provide education in Kichwa during the decades of 1970 and 1980 (Muyulema 2011:234). He also argues that the creation of literary pieces like " Caimi Ňucanchic Shimuyu-Panca", "Ňucanchic Llactapac Shimi," "Ňucanchic Causaimanta Yachaicuna" and " Antisuyu-Punasuyu" provided the step stones for the standardization of Kichwa language initiated by DINEIB (National Board of Intercultural Bilingual Education).

Afterwards, a new more standard alphabet was created by ALKI (Kichwan Language Academy). This new alphabet comprises 20 characters; including three vowels (a,i,u); two semi-vowels (w,y); and 15 consonants (ch,h,k,l,ll,m,n,ñ,p,r,s,sh,t,ts,z), according to Muyulema's article "Presente y Futuro de la lengua Quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ňan) (Muyulema 2011:234). Later on, the bigger and much more comprehensive dictionary "Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu" was published in 2009 by the linguist Fabián Potosí in conjunction with other scholars sponsored by the Ministery of Education of Ecuador.

Particularities

In contrast to other regional varieties of Quechua, Kichwa does not distinguish between original ("Proto Quechua") /k/ and /q/, which are both pronounced [k]. Therefore, [e] and [o], the allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ near /q/, do not exist, and kiru can mean both "tooth" (kiru in Southern Quechua) and "wood" (qiru [qero] in Southern Quechua), and killa can mean both "moon" (killa) and "lazy" (qilla [qeʎa]).

Additionally, Kichwa in both Ecuador and Colombia has lost possessive and bidirectional suffixes (i.e. verbal suffixes indicating both subject and object), as well as the distinction between the exclusive and inclusive first person plural.

Examples:

• Instead of yayayku / taytayku ("Our Father", the Lord's Prayer) Kichwa people say ñukanchik yaya / ñukanchik tayta.
• In Kichwa, you do not say suyayki ("I wait for you"), but kanta shuyani.

On the other hand, other particularities of Quechua have been preserved. As in all varieties of Quechua, the words for 'brother' and 'sister' differ depending on whom they refer to. There are four different words for siblings: ñaña (sister of a woman), turi (brother of a woman), pani (sister of a man), and wawki (brother of a man). A woman reading "Ñuka wawki Pedromi kan" would therefore read aloud Ñuka turi Pedromi kan.

Dialects

The missionary organization FEDEPI (2006) lists eight dialects of Quechua in Ecuador, which they illustrate with the clause "the men will come in two days". (Ethnologue 16 (2009) lists nine, distinguishing Cañar from Loja Highland Quechua.) Below are the comparisons, along with Standard (Ecuadorian) Kichwa and Standard (Southern) Quechua:

Dialect	ISO code	Speakers per SIL (FEDEPI)	Pronunciation	Orthography (SIL or official)	Notes
Imbabura	[qvi]	300,000 (1,000,000)	Čay xarikunaka iškay punžapižami šamuŋga	Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga.	⟨ll⟩ = "ž"
Calderón (Pichincha)	[qud]	25,000	Čay xarikunaka iškay punžapižami šamuŋga	Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga.	⟨ll⟩ = "ž"
Salasaca	[qxl]	15,000	Či kʰarigunaga iški pʰunžažabimi šamuŋga	Chi c'arigunaga ishqui p'unllallabimi shamunga.	⟨ll⟩ = "ž"
Chimborazo	[qug]	1,000,000 (2,500,000)	Čay kʰarikunaka iški punžažapimi šamuŋga	Chai c'aricunaca ishqui punllallapimi shamunga.	⟨ll⟩ = "ž"
Cañar–Loja	[qxr] [qvj]	(200,000) qxr: 100,000 qxl: 15,000	Čay kʰarikunaka iškay punžaλapimi šamuŋga	Chai c'aricunaca ishcai punzhallapimi shamunga.
Tena Lowland	[quw]	5,000 (10,000)	Či kariunaga iški punžaλaimi šamuŋga	Chi cariunaga ishqui punzhallaimi shamunga.
Napo Lowland	[qvo]	4,000 Ecu. & 8,000 Peru (15,000)	Či karigunaga iškay punčaλaimi šamunga.	Chi carigunaga ishcai punchallaimi shamunga.
Northern Pastaza	[qvz]	4,000 Ecu. & 2,000 Peru (10,000)	Či karigunaga iškay punžallaimi šamunga.	Chi carigunaga ishcai punzhallaimi shamunga.
Standard Kichwa	—			Chay karikunaka ishkay punllallapimi shamunka.
Standard Southern Quechua (Qhichwa)	—		Čæy qʰarikunaqa iskæy p'unčawllapim hamunqa.	Chay qharikunaqa iskay p'unchawllapim hamunqa.

Hip hop music in Kichwa

A band from Ecuador, "Los Nin", which raps in Kichwa and Spanish, has toured internationally. The band hails from the town of Otavalo, which is known for its traditional music.

Bibliography

• Ciucci, Luca & Pieter C. Muysken 2011. Hernando de Alcocer y la Breve declaración del Arte de la lengua del Ynga. El más antiguo manuscrito de quichua de Ecuador. Indiana 28: 359-393.

External links

• Imbabura Quechua Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
• Map of the regional varieties of Kichwa in Ecuador (quichua.net / FEDEPI.org)
• Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu, Runa Shimi - Mishu Shimi, Mishu Shimi - Runa Shimi. Kichwa - Spanish, Spanish - Kichwa Dictionary (Education Ministry of Ecuador) (PDF, 7,4 MB)
• Otavalos Online: Basic Kichwa Course for Beginners, in Spanish (PDF)
• KU Kechwa Resource Center: Learning Salasaka Kechwa (by Nina Kinti-Moss)
• Pieter Muysken: Semantic transparency in Lowland Ecuadorian Quechua morphosyntax (PDF file)
• Openoffice v3.2+ Kichwa Spellchecker
• Free Quichua audiocourse in Spanish offered by the public radio of Ecuador
• Kichwa internet radio
• ELAR archive of Lower Napo Kichwa language documentation materials