Chronic mountain sickness
| Chronic mountain sickness | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | emergency medicine |
| ICD-10 | T70.2 |
| ICD-9-CM | E902.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 29615 |
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS or Monge's disease) is a disease in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases (polycythemia) and there is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia). CMS can develop during extended time living at a high altitude. The most frequent symptoms of CMS are headache, dizziness, tinnitus, breathlessness, palpitations, sleep disturbance, fatigue, anorexia, mental confusion, cyanosis, and dilation of veins.[1]
CMS was first described in 1925 by Carlos Monge.[2] While acute mountain sickness is experienced shortly after ascent to high altitude, chronic mountain sickness may develop after many years of living at high altitude. In medicine, high altitude is defined as over 2500 metres (8200 ft), but most cases of CMS occur at over 3000 m (10000 ft). Recently it has been correlated with increased expression of the genes ANP32D and SENP1.[1]
Contents
Prevalence[edit]
Although CMS generally affects people native to altitudes higher than 3000 m, it does not affect populations around the world equally. A recent study by Sahota and Panwar (2013)[2] reviewed CMS prevalence rates around the world and found the highest rates were found in Andean countries of South America and the lowest rates in people native to the East African Mountains of Ethiopia. CMS prevalence rates from the study are summarized below:
- Ethiopia [3600–4100 m]: 0%
- Tibetan Plateau (Tibetans): 0.91–1.2%
- Indian Himalayas [3000–4200 m]: 4–7%
- Kyrgyzstan [3000–4200 m]: 4.6%
- Tibetan Plateau (Han Chinese): 5.6%
- La Paz, Bolivia [3600 m]: 6% to 8%
- Bolivia: 8–10%
- Cerro de Pasco, Peru [4300 m]: 14.8–18.2%
Diagnosis[edit]
CMS is characterised by polycythemia (with subsequent increased hematocrit) and hypoxemia, which both improve on descent from altitude. CMS is believed to arise because of an excessive production of red blood cells, which increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood[3] but may cause increased blood viscosity and uneven blood flow through the lungs (V/Q mismatch). However, CMS is also considered an adaptation of pulmonary and heart disease to life under chronic hypoxia at altitude.[4]
Clinical diagnosis by laboratory indicators have ranges of Hb > 200 g/L, Hct > 65%, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 85% in both genders.[5]
Treatment[edit]
Treatment involves descent from altitude, where the symptoms will diminish and the hematocrit return to normal slowly. Acute treatment at altitude involves bleeding (phlebotomy), removal of circulating blood, to reduce the hematocrit; however this is not ideal for extended periods. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have been shown to improve chronic mountain sickness by reducing erythropoietin and the resulting polycytemia, which resulted in better arterial O2 and lower heart rate.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ Cole, Amy M.; Nayia Petousi; Gianpiero L. Cavalleri; Peter A. Robbins (2014). "Genetic Variation in SENP1 and ANP32D as Predictors of Chronic Mountain Sickness". High Altitude Medicine & Biology 15 (4): 497–499. doi:10.1089/ham.2014.1036. ISSN 1557-8682. PMC 4273201. PMID 25225945.
- ^ Sahota, Inderjeet; Nidhi Panwar (September 2013). "Prevalence of Chronic Mountain Sickness in high altitude districts of Himachal Pradesh". Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 17 (3): 94–100. doi:10.4103/0019-5278.130839. PMID 24872667.
- ^ Richalet, Jean-Paul; Maria Rivera; Patrick Bouchet; Eduardo Chirinos; Igor Onnen; Olivier Petitjean; Annick Bienvenu; Francçoise Lasne; Stéphane Moutereau; Fabiola León-Velarde (2005). "Acetazolamide: a treatment for chronic mountain sickness". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 172 (11): 1427–1433. doi:10.1164/rccm.200505-807OC. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 16126936.
- ^ Monge CC, Whittembury J. "Chronic mountain sickness". The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 1976 Dec;139 SUPPL:87–9. PMID 1011412
- ^ Online calculator explaining blood oxygen content
- ^ Zubieta-Castillo G Sr, Zubieta-Calleja GR Jr, Zubieta-Calleja L. "Chronic mountain sickness": the reaction of physical disorders to chronic hypoxia. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 4:431–42.
- ^ Wu TY. "Chronic mountain sickness on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau". Chinese Medical Journal (Engl). 2005 Jan 20;118(2):161–8. PMID 15667803
- ^ "Recommendation for the classification and diagnostic criteria of high altitude disease in China". Chin High Alt Med J (in Chinese) (Chinese Medical Association for High Altitude Medicine) (6): 2–5. 1996.
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