Executive agency

United Kingdom
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom
Constitution Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation
The Crown British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir Apparent Charles, Prince of Wales Royal Family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative
Executive HM Government Prime Minister David Cameron First Secretary of State George Osborne 95th Cabinet Her Majesty's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown-in-Council Queen Elizabeth II
Legislature Parliament (56th UK Parliament) Crown-in-Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker Baroness D'Souza House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Prime Minister's Questions Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments
Judiciary Supreme Court President Lord Neuberger Deputy President Lady Hale Justices of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Northern Ireland Courts of Scotland
Devolution Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters
Administrative geography England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales
Elections Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums
Foreign relations Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations
United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas Politics portal

An executive agency is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate, to carry-out some part of the executive functions of the United Kingdom government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government or Northern Ireland Executive. Executive agencies are "machinery of government" devices distinct both from non-ministerial government departments and non-departmental public bodies (or "quangos"), each of which enjoy a real legal and constitutional separation from ministerial control. The model was also applied in several other countries.

Size and scope

Agencies range from Her Majesty's Prison Service to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. The annual budget for each agency, allocated by Her Majesty's Treasury ranges from a few million pounds for the smallest agencies to £700m for the Court Service. Virtually all government departments have at least one agency.

Issues and reports

The initial success or otherwise of executive agencies was examined in the Sir Angus Fraser's Fraser Report of 1991. Its main goal was to identify what good practices had emerged from the new model and spread them to other agencies and departments. The report also recommended further powers be devolved from ministers to chief executives.

A whole series of reports and white papers examining governmental delivery were published throughout the 1990s, under both Conservative and Labour governments. During these the agency model became the standard model for delivering public services in the United Kingdom. By 1997 76% of civil servants were employed by an agency. The new Labour government in its first such report – the 1998 Next Steps Report endorsed the model introduced by its predecessor. The most recent review (in 2002, linked below) made two central conclusions (their emphasis):

"The agency model has been a success. Since 1988 agencies have transformed the landscape of government and the responsive and effectiveness of services delivered by Government."

"Some agencies have, however, become disconnected from their departments ... The gulf between policy and delivery is considered by most to have widened."

The latter point is usually made more forcefully by Government critics, describing agencies as "unaccountable quangos".

List of executive agencies by department

Attorney General’s Office

• Government Legal Department

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills

• Innovate UK
• Companies House
• HM Land Registry
• Insolvency Service
• Intellectual Property Office
• Met Office
• National Measurement and Regulation Office
• Skills Funding Agency
• UK Space Agency

Cabinet Office

• Crown Commercial Service

Chancellor of the Exchequer

• National Savings and Investments

Department for Communities and Local Government

• Planning Inspectorate
• Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

• The Royal Parks

Ministry of Defence

• Defence Electronics and Components Agency
• Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
• United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

Department for Education

• Education Funding Agency
• National College for Teaching and Leadership
• Standards and Testing Agency

Department of Energy and Climate Change

• Oil and Gas Authority

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

• Animal and Plant Health Agency
• Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
• Rural Payments Agency
• Veterinary Medicines Directorate

Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• FCO Services
• Wilton Park

Forestry Commission

• Forest Enterprise
• Forest Research

Department of Health

• Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
• Public Health England

Ministry of Justice

• Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority
• HM Courts and Tribunals Service
• Legal Aid Agency
• National Offender Management Service
• Office of the Public Guardian
• The National Archives

HM Revenue and Customs

• Valuation Office Agency

Department for Transport

• Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
• Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency
• Maritime and Coastguard Agency
• Vehicle Certification Agency

HM Treasury

• Government Internal Audit Agency
• UK Debt Management Office

Other countries

Several other countries have an executive agency model.

In the United States, the Clinton administration imported the model, but with a modification of the name to "performance-based organizations."

In Canada, executive agencies were adopted on a limited basis under the name "special operating agencies."

Executive agencies were also established in Australia, Jamaica, Japan and Tanzania.

See also

• Trading fund
• Agency of the European Union
• Government-owned corporation
• Departments of the United Kingdom Government
• Non-departmental public body
• Independent agencies of the United States government
• United States federal executive departments

External links

• Economic Research Council online database of all UK Quangos 1998-2006
• 2002 Government report into the agencies model entitled "Better Government Services – Executive agencies in the 21st century" published by The Prime Minister's Office of Public Services Reform. Contains a list of agencies. (PDF)
• Civil Service (from the UK Government Web Archive)