Scotiabank

Bank of Nova Scotia
Trading name	Scotiabank
Type	Public company
Traded as	TSX: BNS; NYSE: BNS; TTSE: SBTT; S&P/TSX 60 component
Industry	Financial services
Founded	1832; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Headquarters	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Key people	Brian J. Porter (President and CEO); Sean McGuckin (CFO)
Revenue	C$23.958 billion (2014)
Net income	C$$7.298 billion (2014)
Total assets	C$805.666 billion (2014)
Number of employees	86,932 (2014)
Website	scotiabank.com

The Bank of Nova Scotia (French: Banque de la Nouvelle-Écosse), commonly known as Scotiabank (French: Banque Scotia), is the third largest bank in Canada by deposits and market capitalization. It serves more than 21 million customers in over 55 countries around the world and offers a range of products and services including personal and commercial banking, wealth management, corporate and investment banking. With assets of $791.8 billion, Scotiabank shares trade on the Toronto and New York Stock Exchanges.

The bank was incorporated by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia on March 30, 1832, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with William Lawson (1772–1848) serving as the first president^[2] The bank moved its executive offices to Toronto, Ontario, in March 1900.^[3]^[4] Scotiabank has billed itself as "Canada's most international bank" due to its acquisitions primarily in Latin America and the Caribbean, and also in Europe and India. It is a member of the London Bullion Market Association and one of four banks that participates in the London gold fixing.

BNS Institution Number (or bank number) is 002. The company ranked at number 41 on the SNL Financial World's 100 biggest banks listing, September 2013^[5] and is under the leadership of President and CEO Brian J. Porter.

History and expansion[edit]

Joseph Howe Portrait, 1881 $5 Bill Bank of Nova Scotia

The 19th century[edit]

Scotiabank was founded in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1832 under the name of the Bank of Nova Scotia. The bank intended to facilitate the trans-Atlantic trade of the time.^[6] Later, in 1883, Bank of Nova Scotia acquired The Union Bank of Prince Edward Island,^[7] although most of the bank's expansion efforts in the century took the form of branch openings.

The bank launched its branch banking system by opening in Windsor, Nova Scotia. The expansion was limited to the Maritimes until 1882, when the bank moved west by opening a branch in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Manitoba branch later closed but the bank continued to expand into the American Midwest. This included opening a branch in Minneapolis in 1885 which later transferred to Chicago in 1892. Following the collapse of the Commercial Bank of Newfoundland and Union Bank of Newfoundland on December 10, 1894; the Bank of Nova Scotia established on December 15, 1894, in Newfoundland,^[2]

In 1899, the bank opened a branch in Boston, Massachusetts.

In the meantime, the bank opened a branch in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1889 to facilitate the trading of sugar, rum and fish. This was Scotiabank's first move into the Caribbean and historically the first branch of a Canadian bank opened outside of the United States or the United Kingdom.^[6]^[7] By the end of the 19th century, the bank was represented in all of the Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba.

In 1900, the bank's headquarters were moved to Toronto, Ontario.^[7]

The 20th and 21st century[edit]

View of a Scotiabank facade in Amherst, Nova Scotia. This structure was erected in 1907.

William D. Lawrence (ship) carved into the Bank of Nova Scotia Building (1931), Hollis Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

The bank continued to expand in the 20th century, although its growth now took the form of acquisitions rather than branch openings.

1906 – The bank opened a branch in Havana, Cuba. By 1931, it had five branches in Havana, and one branch each in Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, and Santiago de Cuba. In 1960, the Government of Cuba nationalized all banks in Cuba and the Scotiabank withdrew services from all eight branches.
1907 – The bank opened a branch in New York City.
1910 – The bank opened a branch in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
1913 – Bank of Nova Scotia merged with the Bank of New Brunswick.^[7]
1914 – Toronto-based Metropolitan Bank was acquired, making Scotiabank the fourth largest financial institution in Canada.^[7]
1919 – The bank opened a branch in Fajardo.
1919 – Bank of Ottawa was amalgamated.^[7]
1920 – The bank opened a branch in London, and another in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
1961 – The bank became the first Canadian bank to appoint women bank managers on September 11, 1961.^[2]
1962 – The bank expanded into Asia with the opening of a Representative Office in Japan.^[7]
1978 – The bank and Canadian Union of Public Employees signed the first collective agreement between a Canadian bank and a union on September 28, 1978, in Toronto.^[2]
2000 – Scotiabank's stake in Mexican bank Grupo Financiero Inverlat is increased to 55 percent. The Mexican bank is subsequently renamed to Grupo Financiero Scotiabank Inverlat.^[7]
2003 -The bank's Guangzhou Branch was awarded the first licence to a Canadian bank by the Chinese government to deal in Chinese currency.^[2]
2003–2004 – The bank acquired Inverlat banking house in Mexico, taking over all of its branches and establishing a strong presence in the country.
2010 – The bank arrived in Bogotá.
2012 - Scotiabank enters into an agreement to acquire ING Direct Bank of Canada from ING Groep N.V.

In its early expansion, the bank clearly followed trade and its customers' businesses rather than pursuing a strategy of expansion into international financial centres. Scotiabank is a member of the Global ATM Alliance, a joint venture of several major international banks that allows customers of the banks to use their ATM cards or check cards at certain other banks within the Global ATM Alliance without fees when traveling internationally. Other participating banks are Barclays (United Kingdom), Bank of America (United States), BNP Paribas (France and Ukraine through UkrSibbank), Deutsche Bank (Germany), and Westpac (Australia and New Zealand).^[8]

The 21st century[edit]

One of the biggest challenges according to Scotia's CEO Rick Waugh is electronic espionage. It is thought that China and Russia engage in electronic spying, and scotia has devoted emoumous resources in its effort to protect the privacy of its customers.

Scotia has also spent almost $100 million, implementing a controversial system to report to the United States the account holdings of close to one million Canadians of American origin, and their Canadian born spouses. Scotia has been forced implement this system in order to comply with FATCA. According to the Financial Post FATCA requires Canadian banks to provide information to the United States including total assets, account balances, account numbers, transactions and more, and includes assets held jointly with Canadian-born spouses and other family members.^[9]^[10]

Portfolio evolution[edit]

Scotiabank traded under ticker BNS on TSX and NYSE.

Throughout the 20th century, the bank grew not only in size, but also in breadth of products and services. Progress was conditioned by changing consumer needs, legal changes, or acquisitions of external service providers. A short list follows:^[7]

1954 – Passage of the National Housing Act led Scotiabank to create a mortgage department.
1958 – Changes to Bank Act of 1954 enabled Scotiabank to introduce a consumer credit program.
1986 – Scotia Securities is formed to provide discount brokerage and security underwriting services.
1988 – Brokerage firm McLeod Young Weir Ltd. is acquired.
1994 – Scotiabank acquires Montreal Trustco Inc.
1997 – National Trustco Inc. is acquired for C$1.25 billion.
2012 - ING DIRECT, now Tangerine (as of April 2014) is acquired for C$3.13 billion.

Mergers and acquisitions[edit]

The bank has amalgamated with several other Canadian financial institutions through the years, and purchased several other banks overseas:^[4]^[11]

Bank	Year established	Year of amalgamation
Union Bank of PEI	1860	1883
Summerside Bank	1866	1901
Bank of New Brunswick	1820	1913
Metropolitan Bank of Canada	1902	1914
The Bank of Ottawa	1874	1919
Montreal Trust	1889	1994
National Trust	1898	1997
Inverlat	1991	1992 Scotiabank buys 5% stake
National Bank of Greece (Canada)	1982	2005
Banco Wiesse Sudameris	1920	2006
Banco Intercontinental	1986	2003
Banco Sudamericano	1991	1997 Scotiabank acquires 25% of Peru's Banco Sudamericano
E*TRADE Canada	1982	2008
DundeeWealth	1998	2010
R-G Premier Bank of Puerto Rico	1966	2010
ING Direct Canada	1997	2012

Many former branches of Montreal Trust and National Trust were rebranded "Scotiabank & Trust", and continue to operate as such.

Controversies[edit]

David Berry $100M wrongful dismissal lawsuit[edit]

In June 2005, David Berry, a very successful Canadian Scotiabank trader who had built a $75M/year business in trading preferred shares was fired on the grounds that he had committed securities regulatory violations.^[12]

At the time, as part of a 20% direct drive deal, he was making more than double the CEO's salary and Scotiabank management had already taken steps to limit his compensation.^[13]

The regulatory violation allegations from his former employer, left him unemployable to Scotia's competitors despite the appeal of potentially adding more than $75M/year to their equity trading profits.^[13]

Documents delivered to the media showing that Scotia management had sought advice on terminating Berry prior to the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) violation accusation, and the results of questioning during the IIROC inquiries strongly suggest that the securities charges were part of a clever plan by Scotiabank senior management to remove Berry from his position and simultaneously prevent him from becoming their competitor.^[14]

In a ruling on January 15, 2013, more than seven years after the initial accusation, a hearing panel of the IIROC dismissed all charges against Berry.^[15]^[16]

David Berry has a filed a $100M wrongful dismissal lawsuit against Scotiabank. As of January 2015, and nine years after Berry was terminated, Scotia settled with Berry on an amount that cannot be disclosed. Barry Critchley, who has been following the story since inception, published an article on November 6, 2014 in which he believes Scotia's $55 million reported legal charges would likely be connected to the $100 million lawsuit; but it's unlikely to be ever found out. ^[17]

Unpaid overtime lawsuit[edit]

In 2014 a settlement deal in a class-action lawsuit was reached . The agreement would cover thousands of workers for more than a decade of unpaid overtime.The lawsuit included 16,000 Scotiabank employees across Canada who worked as personal banking officers, senior personal banking officers, financial advisors, and small business account managers from January 1, 2000 to December 1, 2013. The lawsuit was filed in 2007, along with a similar class-action filed by CIBC bank teller Dara Fresco of Toronto. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce said previously that it intends to go to trial.

Employees would receive 1.5 times their standard wage at the time, but no interest. Scotiabank will also pay legal fees of $10.45 million in the case. Plaintiffs' counsels were David O'Connor of Roy O'Connor and Louis Sokolov of Sotos LLP.^[18]^[19]

Fraud in Mexico[edit]

In 2001, $14 million was discovered missing in from one of Scotia's branches in Mexico during an investigation into the murder of a branch manager, Maru Oropesa. Initially, the investigators found that Oropesa and Jaime Ross, her former boss, had illegally transferred $5 million from client investment accounts. The money was eventually transferred to the United States where it was used to purchase three aircraft. As the investigation continued, a total of $14 million was found missing and 16 other bank employees were involved in the fraud.^[20] ^[21] Ross was convicted of fraud and money laundering for his role and sentenced to 15 years.^[22] The other 16 bank employees were fired by Scotiabank but were not prosecuted.^[20]

Operating units[edit]

Scotia Plaza, Scotiabank World Headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Scotiabank has four business lines: ^[23]

Canadian Banking provides a full suite of financial advice and banking solutions, supported by an excellent customer experience, to personal and business customers across Canada. Scotiabank also provides an alternative self-directed banking solution through Tangerine Bank.

International Banking provides a full range of financial products, solutions and advice to retail and commercial customers in select regions outside of Canada, supplemented by additional products and services offered by Global Banking & Markets and Global Wealth & Insurance to meet customers' needs.

Global Wealth & Insurance (GWI) combines the Bank's wealth management and insurance operations in Canada and internationally, and Global Transaction Banking. GWI is diversified across geographies and product lines.

Global Banking & Markets, Scotiabank's wholesale banking and capital markets arm, offers a wide variety of products and services to corporate, government and institutional investor clients globally.

As of 2013, Scotiabank services more than 21 million customers and has over $791.8 billion in assets. The bank employs more than 83,000 employees throughout the world, partly in Europe, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Scotiabank is Canada's most international bank with 3,321 branches and offices in over 55 countries.

Corporate sponsorship and branding[edit]

Sports[edit]

Scotiabank is the title sponsor of Guadalajara's Scotiabank Aquatics Center.
Scotiabank is the title sponsor for the Jewish National Fund's "Pitch for Israel" event.
Scotiabank has been the title sponsor of Calgary's Scotiabank Saddledome since October 8, 2010.
Scotiabank is the title sponsor for running events that are part of the Canada Running Series: Scotiabank Montreal 21k & 5k (April), Vancouver Half-Marathon & 5k Run/Walk (June) & Toronto Waterfront Marathon, Half-Marathon & 5k (September) and the Scotiabank Bluenose Marathon.^[24] As well, it is the title sponsor for the Scotiabank Calgary Marathon.
In October 2007, Scotiabank became a sponsor of Hockey Night in Canada and the title sponsor of its Gemini award winning pregame show, Scotiabank Hockey Tonight.
Scotiabank is the Official Bank of the National Hockey League and National Hockey League Players' Association.^[25] And the official bank of the NHLPA, the NHL Alumni, the Canadian Women's Hockey League. Scotiabank also sponsors the Little NHL (native hockey league) and several girl's hockey festivals across Canada.
Scotiabank held the naming rights to the arena of the Ottawa Senators, branding it Scotiabank Place. Canadian Tire took over the naming rights as of June 2013.
Scotiabank was a primary sponsor for Champion Boxer Miguel Cotto during his 2009 bout with Manny Pacquiao.
In 2006, Scotiabank was awarded the title as the official bank for the International Cricket Council's 2007 Cricket World Cup. During the event, several stadia and venues across the Caribbean (and Guyana in South America) are to become outfited with Scotiabank automated banking machines.^[26]
Since 2005, Scotiabank has been the title sponsor of the CFL playoffs semi-final and conference final games, with games titled as the Scotiabank East Semi-finals and Scotiabank West Semi-finals. This is in addition to being the official financial services provider to the Canadian Football League.
Since 2008, Scotiabank has been the official team sponsor of Canadian Cricket Team and the title sponsor of National T20 Championship in Canada.
In 2010, Scotiabank was a sponsor of the World Rally Championship's Corona Rally Mexico.
In 2013, Scotiabank became the sponsor for Club Deportivo Guadalajara (Chivas).
Scotiabank has an industry partnership with the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus.^[27]
Since 2013, Scotiabank has been a sponsor of the CTV Television Network's and TSN's coverage of Premier League Soccer and the FA Cup Final.
In 2014, Scotiabank became the official sponsor for the Primera División de Chile, in a five-year period contract, replacing the previous sponsor, Petrobras.
Since 2015, Scotiabank is the title sponsor for the CONCACAF Champions League tournament.

Culture[edit]

In 2007, Scotiabank and Cineplex Entertainment partnered up to create a loyalty rewards program called Scene. The program allows patrons to sign-up for a special card that grants them points which can be redeemed for free movies or concession discounts. Scotiabank customers can also request a Scene debit card which gives them points when used. A Scene Visa credit card was launched in early May. Five Cineplex Entertainment locations were rebranded as "Scotiabank Theatres".^[28]
In 2007, Scotiabank became the title sponsor of the Nuit Blanche event in Toronto. The sponsorship continues as of 2014.
Title sponsor, Scotiabank Giller Prize.^{[citation needed]}
Scotiabank Hall of Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario.^{[citation needed]}
Scotiabank Hall in the Marion McCain Arts and Social Sciences Building at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.^{[citation needed]}
In 2008, Scotiabank became the title sponsor of Toronto's Caribana now known as the Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival Toronto extends partnership until 2012 with the possibility of extending the partnership for another two years.^[29]
In 2013, Scotiabank announces partnership extension of Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival Toronto for another three years taking it to until 2015.

Corporate Social Responsibility[edit]

The Scotiabank Bright Future program is the bank's global philanthropic vision. The bank's multinational reach has provided a unique opportunity to help people around the world through corporate giving and employee-volunteer programs that span across six pillars: education, health care, social services, arts and culture, sports and environment.

In 2013, the bank contributed $62 million in donations and sponsorships to community causes around the world. Scotiabank's employees spent 424,000 hours in 2013 volunteering and fundraising through formal community programs.

Scotiabank's corporate social responsibility EcoLiving program, encourages and facilitates environmentally preferable construction and renovation of homes. The company also has internal programs related to environmental responsibility and ethical financial and lending practices.^[30]

Recent events[edit]

On October 20, 2011, Scotiabank acquired a 51% stake in Banco Colpatria, Colombia's fifth largest bank and second largest issuer of credit cards for the tune of 1 billion Canadian Dollars in Cash and stock (10 million shares). It is the second largest foreign transaction ever by a Canadian financial company overseas, behind Royal Bank of Canada's purchase in Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago.^[31]
On August 29, 2012, Scotiabank announced that it would acquire ING Direct Canada for $3.13 billion.^[32] The sale was completed on November 15, 2012.^[33]
On July 14, 2015, Scotiabank announced that it would buy Citigroup's retail and commercial banking operations in Panama and Costa Rica. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. The purchase would increase Scotiabank's client base in both countries from 137,000 to 387,000, and would add 27 branches to the existing 51 branches in both Central American nations.^[34]

Scotiabank has a strong presence in Thailand through its 49% owned affiliate Thanachart Bank. With the recent acquisition of Siam City Bank, Thanachart Bank is now the 5th largest bank in Thailand with over 16,000 staff serving almost 4 million customers through 680 branches and 2,100 ATMs across the country.

Awards[edit]

2005 – "Bank of the Year" – For Mexico, the Caribbean and in Jamaica by LatinFinance.^[35]
2007 – "Bank of the Year" The Banker Magazine – London England, Scotiabank Trinidad and Tobago, Scotiabank Belize, Scotiabank Turks and Caicos
2008 – "Bank of the Year" The Banker Magazine – London England, Scotiabank Barbados, Scotiabank Trinidad and Tobago, Scotiabank Guyana, Scotiabank Turks and Caicos
2009 – "Bank of the Year" The Banker Magazine – London England, Scotiabank Canada, Scotiabank Barbados,Scotiabank Dominican Republic, Scotiabank Trinidad and Tobago, Scotiabank Turks and Caicos
2010 – "Bank of the Year" The Banker Magazine – London England, Scotiabank Barbados, Scotiabank Trinidad and Tobago, Scotiabank Turks and Caicos
2011 – "Best Emerging Market Bank" Global Finance Magazine – New York, Scotiabank Jamaica, Scotiabank Barbados, Scotiabank Costa Rica, Scotiabank Turks and Caicos.^[36]
2012 - "Global Bank of the Year" The Banker Magazine. "Bank of the Year" for the Americas, Antigua, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Canada and Turks and Caicos.^[37]
2013 - "Bank of the Year" in British Virgin Islands, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago by The Banker Magazine.^[38]
2014 – "Best Emerging Market Bank in Latin America" Global Finance Magazine in Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks and Caicos and U.S. Virgin Islands.^[39]

Unionization[edit]

Scotiabank has unionized relationships with employees in a number of locations around the world.^[40] In Canada, the sole unionized workplace is the domestic banking branch in Deep River, Ontario.

Credit agency ratings[edit]

Senior Debt Credit Ratings (May, 2014)
Agency	Rating
DBRS	AA	Stable
Fitch	AA-	Stable
Moody's	Aa2	Stable
Standard & Poor's	A+	Stable

Membership[edit]

BNS is a member of the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA) and registered member with the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), a federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks. It is also a member of: