Operation Impact

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Operation Impact
Part of the Military intervention against ISIL and
the Global War on Terrorism
Canadian Fighter takes off for Operation Impact on October 30th 2014.jpg
A Royal Canadian Air Force CF-18 fighter jet takes off from Kuwait on the first mission over Iraq in support of Operation Impact on 30 October 2014.
Date 4 September 2014 – present
(1 year, 2 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Location Iraq, Syria
Status

Ongoing
Belligerents
Canada Canada Islamic State
Commanders and leaders
Canada Justin Trudeau
Canada Harjit Sajjan
Canada Stephen Harper
Canada Rob Nicholson
Canada Jason Kenney
Canada Thomas J. Lawson
Canada Jonathan Vance
Canada Michael Hood		 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Abu Alaa Afri  †[6]
Strength

Canadian Forces:

 Up to 200,000 fighters in Iraq and Syria
Casualties and losses
1 killed (friendly fire) Unknown

Operation Impact is the name of Canada's contribution to the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It began on 4 September 2014, when the Canadian government announced that it would deploy up to 100 Canadian special forces to Iraq in a non-combat advisory role. It was later confirmed that around 69 forces were operating in Iraq. On 3 October, Canada's role in the intervention increased when Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Canada would be deploying 9 total aircraft, including 6 combat aircraft to Iraq. Harper also did not rule out Canadian involvement in the American-led intervention in Syria, but only on the condition that Syria's government would approve of it. Canadian airstrikes in Iraq began on 2 November.[9]

On 30 March 2015, the Canadian Parliament voted to extend the mission to targets in Syria. No additional forces were announced. It was suggested that airstrikes into Syria could begin within a couple of days of the vote.[10] In October then Prime Minister designate Justin Trudeau informed President Barack Obama that Canada intended to withdraw its air units from the mission while keeping its ground forces in Iraq and Syria.[11][12]

Airstrikes[edit]

As of October 2015, Canada has made 172 airstrikes against ISIL targets in Syria and Iraq, making up 2.3 percent of all Allied attacks since the onset of the war.[13] However, since June 2015, there has been a decline in the number of strike missions being performed by Canadian aircraft. 20 airstrikes were performed that month, climbing to 30 in July, then down to 12 in August and 10 in September.[14]

In Iraq[edit]

The first Canadian airstrike against an Islamic State target occurred on 2 November. It was reported that CF-18s successfully destroyed heavy engineering equipment used to divert the Euphrates River near the city of Fallujah. On 11 November, CF-18s dropped laser guided bombs near the city of Baiji, in Northern Iraq. The Department of National Defence stated that the strike targeted equipment that could have been used to attack coalition assets.[15] On 17 November, a warehouse used by ISIS was struck by CF-18s. It was believed to be a site for the construction of roadside bombs.[16]

On 19 November 2014, two CF-18s attacked ISIL positions northwest of Kirkuk.[17] On 27 November 2014, it was confirmed that Canadian jets had not performed any air strikes for several days, but continued to provide escort for coalition cargo flights.[18]

On 28 November, Canadian CF-18s supported Iraqi security force operations around Hīt in Anbar Province, performing strikes against ISIL positions. On 30 November Canadian fighter jets struck ISIL forces southeast of Mosul in an area controlled by the group.[19]

Striking ISIL forces near Mosul, CF-18s from Canada attacked mortar positions and an armoured car.[20] Canadian CF-18s continued to partake in coalition attacks, striking ISIL positions consisting of two bunkers and two machine gun emplacement northeast of Mosul on 5 December.[21] Two CF-18s struck ISIL positions east of Al Qa'im, destroying a bunker on 10 December. They were supported by a CP-140 Aurora performing reconnaissance.[22]

Airstrikes intensified later in December, with ISIL targets successfully struck on 17 December, 19 December, 20 December,[23] 22 December and 24 December.[citation needed] Canadian airstrikes continued, attacking near Fallujah on 31 December[24] and in two separate areas on 1 January 2015, northwest of Baghdad and around Al-Qa'im.[25]

Canadian airstrikes continued, supporting coalition ground operations around Haditha on 8 January 2015 and near Ramadi on 9 January. They supported coalition troops again on 10 January near Haditha and on 11 and 12 January south of Bayji.[26][27]

An airstrike on an ISIL position along a highway northwest of Mosul was performed on 21 January in support of efforts to retake the road. Claims that between 6 and 27 civilians were killed surfaced, which led to an investigation by the United States military. The claims were deemed not justifiable by the Canadian Armed Forces and was not investigated by that force.[28]

CF-18s continued to attack ISIL positions on 23 January, striking in conjunction with coalition ground forces northeast of Mosul. On 24 January, they attacked ISIL forces southeast of Mosul and on 25 January, supported ground operations northeast of Mosul.[29] On 29 January, Canadian CF-18s attacked two ISIL positions and two vehicles. Following that on 30 January, they bombed an ISIL position northwest of Baghdad.[30]

On 3 February, CF-18s bombed an ISIL explosives factory southwest of Mosul and on 5 February, Canadian jets struck an ISIL compound northwest of Baghdad.[31] On 6 February, attacks were made on ISIL positions northwest of Mosul. These were followed on 7 February with bombing missions on ISIL fighting positions northeast of Mosul and around Baiji.[32] From 26 January to 12 February the RCAF performed 14 airstrikes in total.[33]

After a break, Canadian strikes resumed on 24 February, hitting three targets north of Mosul.[34] On 7 March, Canadian jets struck ISIL positions south of Kirkuk and on 8 March, hit sites southeast of Haditha.[35] On 9 March, Canadian airstrikes continued, attacking sites west of Kirkuk.[36] On 19 March, CF-18s hit a reported ISIL bomb-making factory near Kirkuk and struck ISIL positions east of Mosul on 20 March.[37]

On 4 April 2015, Canadian CF-18s hit an IED factory west of Mosul while supporting coalition operations.[38] CF-18s attacked ISIL positions near Sinjar on 9 April.[39] On 25 April, two CF-18s struck ISIL staging areas in Kharbani and on 26 April, hit fighting positions east and west of Fallujah.[40] On 6 May, air strikes were made on ISIL positions north of Bayji, followed up by a strike against an ISIL bomb installation on 8 May southeast of Haditha. A CF-18 returned to Bayji on 9 May, hitting ISIL fighting positions.[41] On 27 May, CF-18s struck an ISIL fighting position south of Mosul. Two days later, on 29 May, they attacked ISIL fighting positions northwest of Tal Afar and northwest of Mosul.[42]

On 6 June, CF-18s hit ISIL fighting positions north of Bayji.[43] In the four weeks leading up to 9 July, Canadian jets struck 18 times, the most recent coming on 5 July, when an ISIL fighting position was hit southeast of Fallujah.[44]

Since 19 October 2015, the Canadian CF-18s have performed 11 air strikes. On 5 November 2015, Canadian jets attacked ISIL positions around Sinjar in support of an Iraqi offensive to retake the city, as well as an ISIL position near the city of Tal Afar.[45] On 15 November, Canadian aircraft performed an airstrike on ISIL positions near Haditha.[46]

In Syria[edit]

Canadian airstrike operations in Syria began 8 April 2015. Two CF-18s attacked an ISIL garrison near Raqqa. The Canadian jets were joined by six US aircraft in the strike. Prior to the attack, Canadian aircraft had performed three sorties into Syrian airspace.[47] On 20 May 2015, two Canadian jets bombed an ISIL staging area north of Ar-Raqqa.[48]

In June 2015, CF-18s attacked near Al-Hasakah in eastern Syria.[49]

On 20 October 2015, Prime Minister-elect Justin Trudeau announced the impending withdrawal of Canadian air forces from the theatre.[12][11]

Ground operations[edit]

Along with the aircraft, 69 special forces advisors were deployed as training advisors to Iraqi militaries. Their mission was to aid in the "planning of operations, train forces and to enable airstrikes, both in defence and on the offensive."[46]

While enabling airstrikes in support of Iraqi militaries, the troops have exchanged fire with ISIL ground units.[4][5] Although Canada's role is primarily advisory as Canadian special forces troops who were sent to observe the progress of Iraqi forces. They responded in defense with sniper fire against an ISIS mortar and machine gun attack.[50] The special forces provided by Canada engaged in two more firefights between 20 January to 26 January. The troops came under attack and returned fire, ending the attacks on their positions.[51]

Between 26 January and 12 February, Canadian ground troops came under fire once more, in similar circumstances as previous incidents.[33] On 6 March, a Canadian soldier was killed in a friendly fire incident by Kurdish forces while returning to an observation post.[52] The Canadian Armed Forces have stated that roughly 20% of their training missions with the Kurds take place at or near the front lines in the conflict, with the other 80% taking place well behind.[46]

Politics[edit]

The Canadian Parliament voted on 7 October 2014 with 157 votes to approve Canadian airstrikes against ISIL with 134 votes against.

After the vote, opposition leader Tom Mulcair of the New Democratic Party said the government is "plunging Canada into a prolonged war without a credible plan to help victims of ISIL terror," and "opening the door" to getting Canada involved in the "bloody" Syrian civil war.[53]

In the initial announcement of the decision, the special forces troops were not to be used for combat operations, instead be deployed in a primarily training mission. However, after the announcement that the troops had seen combat, opposition defence critic, Jack Harris stated to the media that "if we're engaged in firefights because we’re subject to machine-gun fire, that’s not what Canadians were told."[5] The Prime Minister's Office argued that highlighting targets for airstrikes does not equal combat operations.[5]

The cost of the operation for the first six months were announced by the new Defence Minister, Jason Kenney, stating it to be approximately $122 million.[54] This claim was challenged by the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO), Jean-Denis Fréchette, who put forth that the cost was between $128.8 and $166 million.[55][56] However this analysis was affected by the Department of National Defence refusing all PBO requests for information, and was based on analogy and known costing factors,[55] extrapolating from past missions and operations.[56]

The possibility of extending the mission was put forth in the House of Commons on 12 March 2015, however the government claimed that there would be no increase in the deployment of ground forces.[36] On 30 March, the House of Commons voted to extend the mission into Syria, to attack ISIL targets operating from and in that country. The New Democratic Party attempted to amend the vote stating that the intervention into Syria was illegal under international law, but those amendments failed and the main vote passed 142-129.[10] On 1 April, Minister Kenney announced the cost of the extended mission, claiming an additional $406 million for the extra year and expanded operational zone.[57]

Following his election on 19 October 2015, Prime Minister-elect Justin Trudeau used a congratulatory phone call from the President of the United States Barack Obama to inform him that Canada would eliminate its air combat role in Iraq and Syria, while maintaining the presence of its ground forces.[12][11]

ISIL response in Canada[edit]

ISIL spokesperson Abu Muhammad Al-Adnani incited and advocated for a campaign of terror against both Canadian civilians and military personnel. He performed a 42-minute speech in September 2014 that called on Muslims to attack members of the coalition against ISIL, including specifically singling out Canada and specifying using vehicles to make attacks.[58]

On 20 October 2014, Martin Couture-Rouleau who referred to himself as "Ahmad LeConverti" (Ahmad the Converted) struck two Canadian soldiers with his car in Saint Jean sur Richelieu, Quebec. Warrant Officer Patrice Vincent, later died in hospital. Rouleau had converted to Islam in 2013; and, as he made known through comments published in his social media online accounts and via interactions with friends and family, Rouleau progressively became increasingly extremist in his views.

Concerned that Rouleau intended to act on his extremist rants, the Crown had ordered Rouleau's passport seized earlier in July, 2014 on the completion of an act in furtherance, wherein Rouleau had been intercepted trying to travel to Turkey, utilizing a common entry point for ISIL operatives. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), however, did not have enough further evidence to constitutionally justify detaining Rouleau.[59]

Rouleau was fatally wounded by constables of Québec's Provincial Police, the Sûreté du Québec, after a car chase. Rouleau appeared to have acted of his own accord as a 'lone rat' (that is, consistent with and in furtherance of known ISIL political views but without provable direct and overt conspiracy with ISIL).[60]

On 22 October 2014, Michael Zehaf-Bibeau[61] shot Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada reservist Corporal Nathan Cirillo as Cirillo stood Honour Guard at the National War Memorial. After shooting Cirillo, Bibeau advanced towards the Parliament buildings, where caucus meetings of the main political parties were being conducted. He shot a guard in the leg and was chased down the Hall of Honour past rooms were Members of Parliament (MPs) were meeting. The MPs barricaded the doors as a violent gunfight ensued. Bibeau was shot dead by House of Commons of Canada Sergeant-at-Arms Kevin Vickers in the Hall of Honour of the Centre Block.[62][63]

Zehaf-Bibeau had a lengthy criminal record of criminal activity in the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Although police detected no provable conspiracy between Zehauf-Bibeau and ISIL (and therefore in that narrow legal sense, Zehauf-Bibeau could only be deemed to have acted alone) Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper explained in a televised address to the Canadian People after the attack that it remains the position of the Governor-in-Council that the attacks were motivated to assist ISIL in response to Operation Impact, Canada's participation in the 2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[64]

On 3 February 2015, the RCMP apprehended a member of an ISIL recruiting cell.[65] Awso Peshdary was arrested for conducting the operations of the cell. Fellow cell members John Maguire and Khadar Khalib were charged in absentia as they are fighting for ISIL overseas. ISIL produced a video of McGuire urging supporters in Canada to commit acts of terror.[66]

See also[edit]

Portal icon Canadian Armed Forces portal

References[edit]

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External links[edit]
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