List of genocides by death toll

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This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide.

The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Events listed have been characterized as genocide according to the legal definition in significant mainstream scholarship.

Event Location From To Lowest
estimate		 Highest
estimate		  %
Holocaust השואה (HaShoah, "the catastrophe")[N 1] Nazi-controlled Europe 1933 1945 4,900,000
[2][3]		 6,200,000
[4]
11,000,000
[5]		 78% of Jews in Nazi-controlled Europe
Holodomor Голодомор and Soviet famine of 1932–33[N 2] Ukraine claims 3.9 million dead based on their records, but estimates of the death toll vary greatly. Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and other republics of Soviet Union 1932 1933 1,800,000
[11][12][13][14]		 7,500,000
[15][16][17][18][19]
Cambodian genocide[N 3] Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 1,700,000
[25][26][27]		 3,000,000
[27][28]		 21%-33% of total population of Cambodia[29][30]
Armenian genocide Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime")[N 4] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present day Turkey, Syria and Iran)		 1915 1922 800,000 1,500,000
[31]		 75% of Armenians in Turkey
Rwandan genocide[N 5] Rwanda 1994 1994 500,000
[32]		 1,000,000
[32]		 70% of Tutsis in Rwanda
Greek genocide including the Pontic genocide[N 6] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present day Turkey)		 1914 1922 289,000
[33]		 750,000
[34]
Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword")[N 7] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present day Turkey, Syria and Iran)		 1915 1923 275,000
[35]		 750,000
[35]
Zunghar genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate[N 8] Western Mongolia, Kazakhstan, northern Kyrgyzstan, southern Siberia 1755 1758 480,000
[39]		 600,000
[39]		 80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats
Porajmos (Romani genocide)[N 9] Nazi controlled Europe 1935 1945 130,000
[48]		 500,000
[49][50]		 25% of Romani people in Europe
Genocide by the Ustaše[N 10] Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 357,000
[52][53]		 385,000
[52][53][54]
Bangladesh genocide[N 11] Bangladesh 1971 1971 26,000
[56]		 300,000
to
3,000,000
[57][58]
Burundian genocide[N 12] Burundi 1972

1993		 1972

1993		 80,000
[59][60]
50,000
[61]		 210,000
[59][60]
50,000
[61]
Kurdish genocide[N 13] Ba'athist Iraq 1986 1989 50,000
[64]		 200,000
[65][63][66]
Herero and Namaqua genocide[N 14] German South-West Africa 1904 1908 34,000
[67]		 110,000
[68][69]
Maya peoples genocide during the Guatemalan Civil War[N 15] Guatemala 1962 1996 35,000
[74]
Bosnian genocide[N 16] Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 1995 8,373
[79]		 25,609
39,199
[80]
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL[N 17] northern Iraq and Syria 2014 2016 thousands[83]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-organized, persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the German Nazi government and its collaborators. Initially it was carried out in German-occupied East Europe by Einsatzgruppen (paramilitary death squads) and later in extermination camps by gassing.[1]
  2. ^ In 2003 Holodomor, the man-made famine in Ukraine, was recognized by the United Nations as the result of cruel actions and policies of the Soviet government of Joseph Stalin that caused millions of deaths,[6] and in 2008 by the European Parliament as a crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity.[7] Holodomor is considered a genocide in Ukraine,[8] while the Russian Federation views it as part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932-33 and its relief efforts.[9] Scholars are divided and their debate is inconclusive on whether the Holodomor falls under the definition of genocide.[10]
  3. ^ The Cambodian genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot[20] who, planning to create a form of agrarian socialism founded on an extremist ideology coupled with ethnic hostility, forced the urban population to relocate savagely to the countryside, among torture, mass executions, forced labor, and starvation. The genocide ended in 1979 with the Cambodian invasion by the Vietnamese army.[21] Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered,[22] where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.[23] On 7 August 2014, two top leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, received life sentences for crimes against humanity.[24]
  4. ^ The extermination of the Armenians, carried out by the Young Turks, led to the coining of the word "genocide". It included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, mass starvation, and occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides. The State of Turkey denies a genocide ever occurred.
  5. ^ Some 50 perpetrators of the Ruandan genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to lack of witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the Gacaca court system. Perpetrators who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars). It is recognized by the international community as a genocide.
  6. ^ For the Greek genocide other sources give 450,000-900,000 casualties between Pontic, Cappadocian and Ionians Greeks. The genocide, istigated by the Ottoman government, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary executions, and destruction of Greek Orthodox cultural, historical and religious monuments.
  7. ^ The Assyrian genocide is commonly known as "Seyfo" (which means sword in Assyrian). It occurred concurrently with the Armenian and Greek genocides.
  8. ^ Zunghar genocide. The Manchu Qianlong Emperor of Qing China issued his orders for his Manchu Bannermen to carry out the genocide and eradication of the Zunghar nation, ordering the massacre of all the Zunghar men and enslaving Zunghar women and children.[36] The Qianlong Emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.<[37][38] The Qing soldiers who massacred the Zunghars were Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Zunghar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of Chinese miles except those of the surrendered.[39][40][41] Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."[39][42] Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.[39] Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[39] Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".[43]
  9. ^ Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: IPA: [pʰoɽajˈmos]), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), the Romani genocide or Romani Holocaust, was the planned and attempted effort by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani people of Europe. On 26 November 1935 a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws defined the Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as the Jews.[44] Thus, in some way they endured the same fate.[45] In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.[46] In 2011 the Polish Government passed a resolution for the official recognition of the 2nd of August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.[47]
  10. ^ Genocide by the Ustaše. The government of the Independent State of Croatia murdered Serbs, Jews, Romani and antifascist Croats and Bosnian inside its borders, many in concentration camps, like the infamous Jasenovac camp. Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Ustaše, enacted racial laws similar to those of Nazi Germany, declaring Jews, Romani and Serbs "enemies of the people of Croatia".[51]
  11. ^ Bangladesh genocide. Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from paramilitary militias—the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams—formed by the radical Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party.[55]
  12. ^ Burundian genocide. In the long sequence of civil fights that occourred between Tutsi and Hutu since Burundi's independence in 1962, the 1972 mass killings of Hutu by the Tutsi and the 1993 mass killings of Tutsis by the majority-Hutu populace are both described as genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996.
  13. ^ The Kurdish genocide also known as al-Anfal campaign (Arabic: حملة الأنفال‎‎), [62] was a series of genocidal operations[63] against the Kurdish people and other non-Arab populations in northern Iraq, that was led by the Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and was headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The code name chosen by the former Iraqi Baathist government for this campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal, the eighth chapter of the Quran. The Anfal operations also targeted Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Jews, Mandaeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. The Anfal campaign was recognized as a genocide by Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.
  14. ^ The Herero and Namaqua Genocide was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.
  15. ^ Maya peoples genocide. The government forces of Guatemala and allied paramilitary groups have been condemned by the Historical Clarification Commission for committing genocide against the Maya population[70][71] and for widespread human rights violations against civilians during the civil war fought against various leftist rebel groups. The estimated 200,000 persons lost their lives by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations.[72] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.[73]
  16. ^ The Bosnian genocide comprises localized, in time and place, massacres like in Srebrenica[75] and in Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska[76] that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[77] The Srebrenica massacre is the most recent act of genocide committed in Europe and is the only event that fulfills the narrower definition of genocide set by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. On 31 March 2010 the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks.[78]
  17. ^ The Genocide of Yazidis ' by ISIS includes mass killing, rape and enslavement of girls and women, forced abduction, indoctrination and recruitment of Yazidis boys (aged 7 to 15) to be used in armed conflicts, forced conversion to Islam and expulsion from their ancestral land. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis population.[81] It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings[82] but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys are still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people are still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.

References[edit]

  1. ^ For a listing of the number of murdered Jews, detailed by country, see Dawidowicz (2010, Appendix A).
  2. ^ The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945 Gerald Reitlinger (1953)
  3. ^ Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in Engish was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives,or 4.9 - 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.
  4. ^ Benz, Wolfgang (1999). The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 0-231-11214-9. 
  5. ^ By extending the definition of the Holocaust to include other victims of Nazi crimes against humanity and war crimes, such as the Romani genocide, Germany's eugenics program, and the murder of Soviet POWs, Poles and other Slavic populations, political opponents, Homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and civil hostages and resisters from all over Europe.
  6. ^ Works related to Joint Statement on Holodomor at Wikisource.
  7. ^ European Parliament resolution on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)
  8. ^ "The Artificial Famine/Genocide (Holodomor) in Ukraine 1932-33". InfoUkes. 26 April 2009. 
  9. ^ "Russian lawmakers reject Ukraine's view on Stalin-era famine". Sputnik International (RIA Novosti). 2 April 2008. 
  10. ^ David Marples (30 November 2005). "The great famine debate goes on...". ExpressNews. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. 
  11. ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2001). "Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3" (PDF). In V. Vasil'ev; Y. Shapovala. Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. Kyiv: Geneza. 
  12. ^ Vallin, Jacques; Meslé, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (2002). "A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s" (PDF). Population Studies 56 (3): 249–64. doi:10.1080/00324720215934. 
  13. ^ Meslé, France; Pison, Gilles; Vallin, Jacques (2005). "France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History". Population and societies (413 - May 2005): 1–4. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. 
  14. ^ Meslé, France; Vallin, Jacques (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXème siècle (in French). Contributions by Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov, Serguei Adamets. Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED). ISBN 978-2733201527. 
  15. ^ Rosefielde, Steven (1983). "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949". Soviet Studies 35 (3): 385–409. doi:10.1080/09668138308411488. JSTOR 151363. 
  16. ^ Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине [Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine] (in Russian). LB.ua. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012. 
  17. ^ Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. London: The Bodley Head. p. 53. ISBN 978-0224081412. One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933. 
  18. ^ Marples, David R. (2007). Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Central European University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-9639776296. 
  19. ^ "Ukraine - The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians. ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine. ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself. 
  20. ^ Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). Genocide and International Justice. Facts On File. p. 83. ISBN 978-0816073108. 
  21. ^ Mayersan, Deborah (2013). ""Never Again" or Again and Again". In Mayersen, Deborah; Pohlman, Annie. Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-0415645119. 
  22. ^ DeMello, Margo (2013). Body Studies: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-0415699303. 
  23. ^ Documentation Center of Cambodia - Mapping of mass graves.
  24. ^ McKirdy, Euan (7 August 2014). "Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved August 2014. 
  25. ^ The CGP, 1994–2008 Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University.
  26. ^ Terry, Fiona (2002). Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action. Cornell University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0801487965. 
  27. ^ a b Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Reed, Holly E.; Keely, Charles B. Forced Migration and Mortality. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 
  28. ^ The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience. Touchstone. 1985. p. 115–6. 
  29. ^ Etcheson, Craig (2005). After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Greenwood. p. 119. ISBN 978-0275985134. 
  30. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (1998). "'Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970-79)". Population Studies (Taylor & Francis) 52 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1080/0032472031000150176. JSTOR 2584763. 
  31. ^ Adalian, Rouben Paul. "Armenian Genocide". Washington, DC: Armenian National Institute. Retrieved May 2016. 
  32. ^ a b See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  33. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). "Statistics Of Turkey's Democide. Estimates, Calculations, and Sources". Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia and Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University. Retrieved 15 April 2015.  Table 5.1B.
  34. ^ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 150–1. ISBN 0-415-48619-X. 
  35. ^ a b Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
  36. ^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0231139243. Retrieved June 2016. 
  37. ^ 大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
  38. ^ 平定準噶爾方略
  39. ^ a b c d e f Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674016842. 
  40. ^ Wei Yuan, 聖武記 Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"
  41. ^ Lattimore, Owen (1950). Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. Little, Brown. p. 126. 
  42. ^ Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). In the Eye of Power (PDF) (doctoral thesis). Brisbane: Griffith University. p. 37. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. 
  43. ^ Moses, A. Dirk (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1845454524. 
  44. ^ Milton, Sybil (February 1992). "Nazi Policies towards Roma and Sinti 1933-1945.". Journal of Gypsy Lore Society. 5 2 (1): 1–18. Retrieved June 2016. 
  45. ^ "Holocaust Encyclopedia - Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Retrieved 9 August 2011. 
  46. ^ "Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany". The Telegraph. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015. 
  47. ^ "OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland". OSCE. 29 July 2011. Retrieved March 2015. 
  48. ^ Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0231505901. Retrieved June 2016. 
  49. ^ "Germany unveils Roma Holocaust memorial". aljazeera.com. 24 October 2012. Retrieved March 2015. 
  50. ^ Some estimates are higher, e.g. Sybil Milton: "Something between a half-million and a million-and-a-half Romanies and Sinti were murdered in Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945" in Latham, Judith, ed. (1995). "First US Conference on Gypsies in the Holocaust". Current Affairs Bulletin (3-23928).  See also König, Ulrich (1989). Sinti und Roma unter dem Nationalsozialismus. Bochum: Brockmeyer. The count of half a million Sinti and Roma murdered between 1939 and 1945 is too low to be tenable. 
  51. ^ Fischer, Bernd J., ed. (2007). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. pp. 207–10. ISBN 978-1557534552. 
  52. ^ a b Excluding the Jews and Roma people sent to the German extermination camps.
  53. ^ a b "Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia / Croatia". Holocaust Encyclopedia - UnSHMM. Retrieved April 2014. 
  54. ^ Other sources give higher numbers for Serbian deaths, as in Ball, Howard (2011). Genocide: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 124. ISBN 978-1598844887. Retrieved June 2016. 
  55. ^ "Chapter 2, paragraph 33". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 1974. 
  56. ^ According to Pakistani Government Commission (Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974).
  57. ^ "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia". BBC. 25 March 2010. 
  58. ^ While the official Pakistani government report (Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974) estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments – Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh – Matthew White's website.
  59. ^ a b White, Matthew. Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972-73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000
  60. ^ a b International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile"
  61. ^ a b Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. p. 331. ISBN 978-0415944304. 
  62. ^ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 252. ISBN 978-0313346422. Kurdish Genocide in Northern Iraq, (U.S. Response to). Well aware of the genocidal Al-Anfal campaign waged against the Kurds in northern Iraq by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. 
  63. ^ a b "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. A Middle East Watch Report" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. July 1993. ISBN 1-56432-108-8. Retrieved June 2016. 
  64. ^ Wong, Edward (5 April 2006). "Hussein Charged With Genocide in 50,000 Deaths". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2010. 
  65. ^ Ochsenwald, William; Nettleton Fisher, Sydney (2003). The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 659. ISBN 978-0072442335. 
  66. ^ McDowall, David (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds (3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 359. ISBN 978-1850434160. Retrieved June 2016. 
  67. ^ Nuhn, Walter (1989). Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5852-6. 
  68. ^ According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907.
  69. ^ Moses 2008, p. 296.
    Sarkin-Hughes, Jeremy (2008). Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 142. ISBN 978-0313362569. 
    Schaller, Dominik J. (2008). From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. NY: Berghahn Books. p. 296. ISBN 1-8454-5452-9. 
    Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.; Lennox, Sara; Zantop, Susanne M. (1998). The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy. University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0472096824. 
    Nuhn 1989.
    Hoffmann, Anette (2006). "Diasporic Articulations of the Herero Communities in Namibia". In Aydemir, Murat; Boer, Inge; Horsman, Yasco; Hoving, Isabel; Lourens, Saskia. Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics. Thamyris n. 13. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 33. ISBN 978-9042021297. Retrieved June 2016. 
  70. ^ "Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission". United Nations website. 1 March 1999. Retrieved June 2016. 
  71. ^ CEH (1999). Guatemala: Memory of silence (PDF). Guatemala City: Historical Clarification Commission (CEH). Retrieved June 2016. 
  72. ^ CEH 1999, p. 20.
  73. ^ CEH 1999, p. 23.
  74. ^ Namely the 83% of the 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War (CEH 1999, p. 17).
  75. ^ Irwin, Rachel (13 December 2012). "Genocide Conviction for Serb General Tolimir". IWPR - Institue for War and Pease Reporting. Retrieved June 2016. 
  76. ^ Gutman, Roy (1993). A Witness to Genocide. Lisa Drew Books. ISBN 978-0020329954. 
  77. ^ Thackrah, John Richard (2008). The Routledge companion to military conflict since 1945. Routledge Companions. Taylor & Francis. pp. 81–2. ISBN 978-0-415-36354-9. Retrieved June 2016. 
  78. ^ "Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre". BBC News. 31 March 2010. Retrieved March 2010. 
  79. ^ The figure considers only the estimated number of killed people in Srebrenica massacre based on the list of missing persons."Preliminary List of Missing Persons from Srebrenica 1995". Potočari Memorial Center. Archived from the original on April 18, 2014.  The International Commission on Missing Persons recovered and identified 6,930 remains."Facts and Figures on Srebrenica". icmp.int. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016. 
  80. ^ The two figures consider all Bosniak civilians killed during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the first figure see: Robinson, Matt (15 February 2013). "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. . For the second see: Ball, Patrick; Tabeau, Ewa; Verwimp, Philip. The Bosnian Book of Dead: Assessment of the Database (PDF). Falmer: The Institute of Development Studies - University of Sussex. Retrieved June 2016. 
  81. ^ "UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis". United Nations - Office of the High Commissioner. 16 June 2016. 
  82. ^ HRC (2016). They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis (PDF). Human Rights Council Thirty-second session Agenda item 4. pp. 8–9, 21, 36. 
  83. ^ It is impossible to ascertain a precise figure which anyway is higher than some thousands (HRC 2016).

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