Osteoid osteoma
| Osteoid osteoma | |
|---|---|
Osteoid osteoma of the trochanter minor: X-ray and MRI with marked sclerosis around the nidus.
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| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | D16.9 |
| ICD-O | 9191/0 |
| DiseasesDB | 31488 |
| eMedicine | article/392850 |
| MeSH | D010017 |
An osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor that arises from osteoblasts and was originally thought to be a smaller version of an osteoblastoma. Osteoid osteomas tend to be less than 1.5 cm in size. The tumor can be in any bone in the body but are most common in long bones, such as the femur and tibia. They account for 10 to 12 percent of all benign bone tumors. "Osteoid osteomas may occur at any age, and are most common in patients between the ages of 4 and 25 years old. Males are affected approximately three times more commonly than females."[1]
Contents
Presentation[edit]
Characterized by being less than 1.5 cm in diameter, osteoid osteomas most frequently occur in young men (Male:Female ratio 3:1) and may occur in any bone of the body, most frequently around the knee but often also seen in the vertebrae, in the long bones and less commonly in the mandible or other craniofacial bones.[citation needed]
Severe pain typically occurs at night, but can also be constant at any time of day.[2] The chief complaint may only be of dull pain which is non radiating and persistent throughout 24 hours but increases significantly at night. Pain tends to be relieved with NSAIDs such as ibuprofen.[3]
Histological Findings[edit]
On histological examination osteoid osteoma consists of a small (< 1.52 cm), yellowish to red nidus of osteoid and woven bone with interconnected trabeculae, and a background and rim of highly vascularized, fibrous connective tissue. Varying degrees of sclerotic bone reaction may surround the lesion. Benign osteoblastoma is virtually indistinguishable from osteoid osteoma. The usual appearance included a fibrovascular stroma with numerous osteoblasts, osteoid tissue, well-formed woven bone, and giant cells. The osteoblasts were generally small and regular in shape.[4]
Symptoms[edit]
The most common symptoms of an Osteoid Osteoma are:
- dull pain that escalates to severe at night OR slight pain, rising to become severe even at nighttime, affecting sleep quality
- limping
- muscle atrophy
- bowing deformity
- swelling
- increased or decreased bone growth
[5] [6] The most common symptom is pain that can be relieved with over the counter pain medication in the beginning. After the benign tumor develops further the pain can not be alleviated with medication and minor to severe swelling starts to occur. Although, in some cases the pain level remains the same for years, and regular NSAIDs intake keeps the pain at bay. The tumor is often found through x-ray imaging. "Conventional radiographs reveal a well-demarcated lytic lesion (nidus) surrounded by a distinct zone of sclerosis" that allow doctors to identify the tumor.[7]
Diagnosis[edit]
Radiographs in osteoid osteoma typically show a round lucency, containing a dense sclerotic central nidus (the characteristic lesion in this kind of tumor), surrounded by sclerotic bone. The nidus is seldom larger than 1.5 cm.[citation needed]
The lesion can in most cases be detected on CT scan, bone scans and angiograms. Plain radiographs are not always diagnostic. MRI adds little to the CT findings which are useful for localisation. Radionuclide scanning shows intense uptake which is useful for localisation at surgery using a hand held detector, and for confirmation that the entire lesion has been removed.[8][9]
Treatment[edit]
Pain may be relieved by aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Treatment varies based on the health of the patient. If he/she is otherwise healthy and is not significantly bothered by the pain, the tumor is treated symptomatically with anti-inflammatories. If this therapy fails, surgical or percutaneous ablation may be considered.[10] If surgery is preferred, the individual may be referred to a podiatrist or an orthopedic surgeon to perform the ablation. Post-surgery therapy and strengthening may be needed, depending on the tumor location and health of the individual. Recently, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is the preferred treatment option. "This is a minimally invasive procedure in which radio frequencies are passed beneath the skin through a needle to kill the tumor cells by heating them to a high temperature."[11] This technique is performed by a radiologist and is preferred because it is done under general anesthesia and does not weaken the bone as much as surgery does. The recovery time is also shorter for this treatment. As of July 17 2014, a special treatment with incisionless surgery uses ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to destroy the tumor in the leg without piercing the skin. In this treatment doctors use an MRI to guide high-intensity ultrasound waves to destroy a benign bone tumor[12]
Ablation is performed in some cases.[13][14]
References[edit]
- ^ http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00507[full citation needed]
- ^ Mungo, David V.; Zhang, Xinping; O'Keefe, Regis J.; Rosier, Randy N.; Puzas, J. Edward; Schwarz, Edward M. (2002). "COX-1 and COX-2 expression in osteoid osteomas". Journal of Orthopaedic Research 20 (1): 159–62. doi:10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00065-1. PMID 11853083.
- ^ Atesok, Kivanc I.; Alman, Benjamin A.; Schemitsch, Emil H.; Peyser, Amos; Mankin, Henry (2011). "Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 19 (11): 678–89. PMID 22052644.
- ^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465365_2[full citation needed]
- ^ "Osteoid Osteoma". Knol.[dead link][self-published source?]
- ^ "Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors: Benign Tumors". Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
- ^ Singh, Arun Pal. "Osteoid Osteoma-Diagnosis And Treatment".
- ^ Osteoid Osteoma Imaging at eMedicine
- ^ Lateur, L.; Baert, A. L. (1977). "Localisation and diagnosis of osteoid osteoma of the carpal area by angiography". Skeletal Radiology 2 (2): 75–9. doi:10.1007/BF00360985.
- ^ http://www.bonetumor.org/tumors-bone/osteoid-osteoma[full citation needed]
- ^ "Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors: Benign Tumors".
- ^ Focused Ultrasound Foundation. "Bone tumor destroyed using incisionless surgery: First in North American child." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 August 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140806142126.htm>.
- ^ Lindner, N.J.; Ozaki, T.; Roedl, R.; Gosheger, G.; Winkelmann, W.; Wörtler, K. (2001). "Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in osteoid osteoma". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 83 (3): 391–6. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.83B3.11679. PMID 11341426.
- ^ Donkol, Ragab H.; Al-Nammi, Ahmed; Moghazi, Khaled (2008). "Efficacy of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma in children". Pediatric Radiology 38 (2): 180–5. doi:10.1007/s00247-007-0690-z. PMID 18040677.
15. Satish Karandikar, Gagan Thakur, Manisha Tijare, Shreenivas K, Kavita Agarwal. Osteoid
osteoma of mandible. BMJ Case Reports. 2011; 10.1136/bcr.10.2001.4886.[1]
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- ^ 15. Satish Karandikar, Gagan Thakur, Manisha Tijare, Shreenivas K, Kavita Agarwal. Osteoid osteoma of mandible. BMJ Case Reports. 2011; 10.1136/bcr.10.2001.4886.
