Close central unrounded vowel
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For the use of /ɨ/ on Wikipedia, see Help:IPA for English.
| Close central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɨ | |||
| ï | |||
| IPA number | 317 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɨ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+0268 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 1 |
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| Kirshenbaum | i" |
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| Braille |   |
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| Sound | |||
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The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɨ, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i. In American tradition this symbol (and the name "barred i") denote a slightly different sound, that of the second syllable of roses when distinct from Rosa's;[1] see also near-close central unrounded vowel.
Features[edit]
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- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
/ɨ/ is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, but does occur as an allophone in many Slavic languages. However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (e.g. proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986) identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although this is not a defining feature of the entire area).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 'to know' | Asyik[2] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[3] describe this sound as such while Durie[4] describes it as closer to [ɯ] | |
| Angor | hüfᵻ | [xɨβə] | 'hot' | ||
| Czech | Some dialects | był | [bɨɫ] | 'he was' | Found in some eastern Moravian, Lach and Silesian dialects. See Czech phonology |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 日 rì | [ɻɨ̹˥˩] |
'day' | See Mandarin phonology |
| English | Southeastern English[5] | rude | [ɹɨːd] | 'rude' | May be rounded [ʉː], or a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯] instead. |
| Guaraní | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Hausa[6] | [example needed] | Allophone of /i/.[6] | |||
| Irish | Munster[7] | caora | [kɨ̟ːɾˠə] | 'sheep' | Somewhat fronted;[7] allophone of /i/ between broad consonants.[7] See Irish phonology |
| Kaingang | fy | [ɸɨ] | 'seed' | ||
| Kashinawa | [example needed] | ||||
| Kashmiri[8] | teer | [ˈt̪ɨːr] | 'cold' | ||
| Latgalian[9] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 'very much' | See Latgalian phonology | |
| Mongolian[10] | хүчир | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 'difficult' | ||
| Muisca | Hycha[11] | hycha | [hɨʂa] | 'I' | |
| Romanian | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 'I swim' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[12] | ты | [t̪ɨ] |
'you' (singular) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sahaptin[13] | [kʼsɨt] | 'cold' | Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent | ||
| Sama | Sibutu[14] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 'beard' | ||
| Sema[15] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 'to hurt' | Also described as near-close [ɨ̞].[16] | |
| Shipibo[17] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | [translation needed] | Possible realization of /ɯ/ after coronal consonants.[17] | |
| Sirionó[18] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
| Swedish | bi | [bɨː] | 'bee' | Found in dialects in Närke and Bohuslän and in sociolects in Stockholm and Gothenburg. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil[19] | ஆனால் | [äːnäːlɨ] | 'but' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded [ʉ] instead.[19] See Tamil phonology | |
| Tera[20] | zu | [zɨ] | 'said' | ||
| Udmurt[21] | ургетэ, ыргетэ[22] | [ɨrgete] | 'it growls' | ||
| Uzbek | qiz | [qɨz] | 'girl' | Allophone of /i/. | |
| Vietnamese | trưa | [ʈɨə˧] | 'noon' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Võro | sysar | [sɨsarʲ] | 'sister' | ||
| Welsh | Northern dialects[23] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 'picture' | See Welsh phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[24] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 'be sour' | |
Polish ⟨y⟩ is often transcribed with ⟨ɨ⟩, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed [ɘ̟].[25] Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed ⟨e⟩, often represented as /ɨ/, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as [ɯ̽] (mid-centralized), [ɯ̟] (fronted) and [ʊ̜] (less rounded i.e. unrounded).[26]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Flemming, E., Johnson, S. (2007), "Rosa’s roses: reduced vowels in American English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37/1, pp. 83–96.
- ^ Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies 11: 1–33, retrieved 9 November 2012
- ^ Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities 15: 9–21
- ^ Mid-vowels in Acehnese
- ^ Lodge (2009:174)
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999:90)
- ^ a b c Ó Sé (2000)
- ^ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ Nau (2011:9–10)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ González de Perez (2005:50)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:33)
- ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002)
- ^ Allison (1979:198)
- ^ Teo (2014:28)
- ^ Teo (2012:368)
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
- ^ Firestone (1965:?)
- ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ^ Tench (2007:230)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:64, 68)
- ^ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary] (in Russian)
- ^ Ball (1984:?)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
Bibliography[edit]
- Allison, E. Joseph (1979), "The phonology of Sibutu Sama: A language of the southern Philippines" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics 3 (2): 63–104
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C (1986), "Meso-America as a linguistic area", Language 62 (3): 530–570, doi:10.2307/415477, JSTOR 415477
- Firestone, Homer L. (1965), "Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language.", Janua linguarum, Series Practica (16), London: Mouton & Co
- Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia (2002), "Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin", International Journal of American Linguistics 68 (3): 316–340, doi:10.1086/466492
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
