Elections in Myanmar
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| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Myanmar |
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This article is outdated. (May 2012) |
Elections in Myanmar (also known as Burma) are a rarity. Until 2011 Myanmar was led by a military junta known as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) which banned opposition parties. Recent developments have seen a general election in 2010 and by-elections in 2012 which were contested by some opposition parties.
Prior to the military take over, multi-party elections were held in 1951–1952, 1956 and 1960.
Contents
History[edit]
When Ne Win's one party rule system – the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) – collapsed in August 1988 following the 8888 Uprising, the military staged another coup d'etat the following September, stating that they were going to hold "free and fair" elections in 1990. The first elections to the lower house (the Pyithu Hluttaw or "People's Assembly") under the new military administration, renamed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), were held on 27 May 1990.
The major opposition party, the National League for Democracy, won a landslide victory with a majority of 392 out of the 492 seats; thus, under a parliamentary system, the NLD would form a new government. However, the SLORC refused to acknowledge the results, and as a result the People's Assembly never convened.
The military junta placed the leader of the NLD, Aung Sang Suu Kyi, under house arrest following her party's victory. The SLORC was abolished in November 1997 and replaced by the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), but this was merely a cosmetic change. In August 2003, Prime Minister Khin Nyunt announced a seven-step "roadmap to democracy", which the government claimed it was in the process of implementing. There was no timetable associated with the government’s plan, or any conditionality or independent mechanism for verifying that it is moving forward, so it was greeted sceptically by observers.
On 7 February 2008, SPDC announced that a referendum for the new Constitution would be held, and elections by 2010. The constitutional referendum was held on 10 May. Following this the first general election in 20 years was held in 2010, completing the fifth step of the roadmap to democracy, though the NLD was excluded from participating in it as the Election Commission declared them "null and void" in accordance with election laws.[1] The NLD, were however, allowed to participate in the 2012 by-elections that followed, and Suu Kyi - released from house arrest in 2010 - won a seat in the Pyithu Hluttaw.
The next Burmese general election is scheduled to be held in 2015.[2]
2010 campaign[edit]
In 2010, the announcement of possible elections sponsored by the current regime attracted international attention. The Union Election Commission stated that these would be "free and fair without third party watchdogs".
Results for the Amyotha Hluttaw[edit]
168 of the 224 seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) were up for election. The remaining 56 seats (25%) were not elected, and instead reserved for military appointees (taken from Defense Services personnel), technically called Army Representatives (AR).
| Amyotha Hluttaw elections, 2010 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | Net Gain/Loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |||
| USDP | 129 | 57.59 | |||||||
| Appointed | 56 | 25.00 | - | - | |||||
| RNDP | 7 | 3.13 | 263,678 | ||||||
| NUP | 5 | 2.23 | 4,302,082 | ||||||
| NDF | 4 | 1.79 | 1,488,543 | ||||||
| CPP | 4 | 1.79 | 86,211 | ||||||
| AMRDP | 4 | 1.79 | 172,806 | ||||||
| SNDP | 3 | 1.33 | 496,039 | ||||||
| PSDP | 3 | 1.33 | 77,825 | ||||||
| CNP | 2 | 0.89 | 37,450 | ||||||
| Others | 7 | 3.13 | |||||||
| Total | 224 | 100 | |||||||
Results for the Pyithu Hluttaw[edit]
330 of the 440 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) were up for election. The remaining 110 seats (25%) were not elected, and instead reserved for military appointees (taken from Defense Services personnel), technically called Army Representatives (AR).
| Pyithu Hluttaw elections, 2010 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | Net Gain/Loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |||
| USDP | 259 | 58.86 | 56.76 | 11,858,125 | |||||
| Appointed | 110 | 25.00 | - | - | |||||
| SNDP | 18 | 4.09 | 2.44 | 508,780 | |||||
| NUP | 12 | 2.73 | 19.44 | 4,060,802 | |||||
| RNDP | 9 | 2.05 | 2.87 | 599,008 | |||||
| NDF | 8 | 1.82 | 7.10 | 1,483,329 | |||||
| AMRDP | 3 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 167,928 | |||||
| PNO | 3 | 0.68 | |||||||
| CNP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 36,098 | |||||
| CPP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 76,463 | |||||
| PSDP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 82,038 | |||||
| WDP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 27,546 | |||||
| Others | 10 | 2.29 | 9.54 | 1,992,590 | |||||
| Total | 440 | 100 | 100 | 20,892,707 | |||||
See also[edit]
- Burmese by-elections, 2012
- Burmese by-elections, 2014
- Electoral calendar
- Electoral system
- U Ba Htay
- Union Election Commission
- Assembly of the Union
- House of Nationalities
- State and Region Hluttaws
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ "Sixty years after human rights declaration adopted challenge remains same - bringing vision closer to ground, so it touches ‘lived of real people’, third committee told". United Nations. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Burma army-backed party to choose new leadership". BBC News. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 7 NOVEMBER 2010". Adam Carr's Election Archive. 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
External links[edit]
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- Audio Interview with Mr. Kyaw Zwa Moe, managing editor of Irrawady News Media on Burma and Elections
- International Crisis Group (28 April 2015). Myanmar’s Electoral Landscape (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2015.
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