Papua conflict

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Papua conflict
New guinea named.PNG
New Guinea
  Papua (province)
  West Papua (province)
  Papua New Guinea
Date 1962–present
Location Papua Province, Indonesia; Papua New Guinea (minor border spillages)
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
 Indonesia
 Papua New Guinea
(on & off since 1975)

Free Papua Movement
Supported by:

 Vanuatu
 Libya (until 2011)
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
Commanders and leaders

Current commanders
Joko Widodo
Jusuf Kalla
Ryamizard Ryacudu
Gatot Nurmantyo
Badrodin Haiti
Sutiyoso

Current commanders
Jacob Prai
Benny Wenda
Mathias Wenda
Jacob Rumbiak
Casualties and losses
150,000–400,000 killed in total[1][2]

The Papua conflict is an ongoing low-level conflict between the Indonesian Government and portions of the indigenous populations of West Papua in the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua on the island of New Guinea; in which the Indonesian government has been accused of conducting a genocidal regime against the indigenous inhabitants. Since the withdrawal of the Dutch colonial administration from the Netherlands New Guinea in 1962,[3] the implementation of Indonesian governance in 1963 and the formal absorption of West Papua into Indonesia in 1969, the Free Papua Movement (OPM), a militant Papuan-independence organisation, has conducted a low-level guerilla war against the Indonesian state, targeting the Indonesian military and police, as well as engaging in the kidnapping of both non-Papuan Indonesian settlers and foreigners.[4] West Papuans have conducted various protests and ceremonies raising their flag for independence or federation with Papua New Guinea,[4] and accuse the Indonesian government of indiscriminate violence and of suppressing their freedom of expression. Many West Papuans have been killed by the Indonesian military since 1969 and the Indonesian governance style has been compared to that of a police state, suppressing freedom of political association and political expression.[5][6] The Indonesian Government restricts foreign access to the Papua and West Papua provinces due to sensitivities regarding its suppression of Papuan nationalism.

Overview[edit]

The Indonesian National Armed Forces has been accused of committing human rights abuses in Papua
Main article: Western New Guinea dispute

In December 1949, at the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, the Netherlands agreed to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over the territories of the former Dutch East Indies, with the exception of Western New Guinea, which the Dutch continued to hold as Netherlands New Guinea. The nationalist Indonesian government argued that it was the successor state to the whole of the Dutch East Indies and wanted to end the Dutch colonial presence in the archipelago. The Netherlands argued that the Papuans were ethnically different[7] and that the Netherlands would continue to administer the territory until it was capable of self-determination.[8] From 1950 on the Dutch and the Western powers agreed that the Papuans should be given an independent state, but due to global considerations, mainly the Kennedy administration's concern to keep Indonesia on their side of the Cold War, the United States pressured the Dutch to sacrifice Papua's independence and transfer the country to Indonesia.[9]

In 1962, the Dutch agreed to relinquish the territory to temporary United Nations administration, signing the New York Agreement, which included a provision that a plebiscite would be held before 1969. The Indonesian military organised this vote, called the Act of Free Choice in 1969 to determine the population's views on Papua and West Papua's future; the result was in favour of integration into Indonesia. In violation of the Agreement between Indonesia and the Netherlands, the vote was a show of hands in the presence of the Indonesian military, and only involved 1025 hand picked people who were forced at gunpoint to vote for integration with Indonesia, much less than 1% of those who should have been eligible to vote. The legitimacy of the vote is hence disputed by independence activists, who launched a campaign of protests against the military occupation of West Papua by Indonesia.

The Indonesian government is accused of human rights abuses, such as attacks on OPM-sympathetic civilians and jailing people who raise the West Papuan National Morning Star flag for treason.[10]

Through the transmigration program, which since 1969 includes migration to Papua, about half of the 2.4 million inhabitants of Indonesian Papua are born in Java,[2] though intermarriage is increasing and the offspring of transmigrants have come to see themselves as "Papuan" over their parents' ethnic group.[11]

As of 2010, 13,500 Papuan refugees live in exile in the neighbouring independent state of Papua New Guinea (PNG),[2] and occasionally the fighting spills over the border. As a result, the Papua New Guinea Defence Force has set up patrols along PNG's western border to prevent infiltration by the OPM. Additionally, the PNG government has been expelling resident "border crossers" and making a pledge of no anti-Indonesian activity a condition for migrants' stay in PNG. Since the late 1970s, the OPM have made retaliatory "threats against PNG business projects and politicians for the PNGDF's operations against the OPM".[12] The PNGDF has performed joint border patrols with Indonesia since the 1980s, although the PNGDF's operations against the OPM are "parallel".[13]

In 2004, the UK based Free West Papua Campaign was set up by exiled West Papuan leader Benny Wenda to encourage the UN to hold an Independence Referendum in West Papua. The Campaign has growing International support and the backing of notable figures such as Nobel Peace Laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu.[14] In 2012, the Campaign issued an arrest warrant for Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono for his state visit to the UK in October–November that year. Yudhoyono was protested against everywhere he went in London and regularly saw West Papuan National Flags of Independence which are illegal in Indonesia.

Brief summary and outline of major events[edit]

United Nations Administration (1 October 1962 – 30 April 1963)[edit]

Main article: United Nations Temporary Executive Authority

New Order 1965–1998[edit]

  • 1966–67: Aerial bombing of Arfak Mountains.
  • Jan–Mar 1967: Aerial bombing of Ayamaru and Teminabuan areas.
  • 1967: Operasi Tumpas (operation obliteration). 1,500 alleged dead in Ayamaru, Teminabuan and Inanuatan.
  • April 1969: Aerial bombing of Wissel Lake District (Paniai and Enarotali area); 14,000 survivors escape into the jungle.
  • July–August 1969: Act of Free Choice / PEPERA determines West Papua Region as sovereign territory of Republic of Indonesia.
  • June 1971: Henk de Mari reported that 55 men from two villages in North Biak were forced to dig their own graves before being shot. Published in Dutch daily De Telegraaf Oct 1974.
  • Unknown: 500 Papuan corpses were found in jungle Lereh District, south west of Sentani Airport, Jayapura region.
  • 1974: In North Biak, 45 Papuans were killed.
  • 1975: In Biak, at least 41 people from Arwam and Rumbin villages were killed.
  • 1977: Aerial bombing of Akimuga (Freeport McMoRan Inc. mine area).
  • 1977–78: Aerial bombing of Baliem Valley.
  • Apr 1978: Six unidentifiable bodies were discovered in the Dosai district of Jayapura.
  • May 1978: Five OPM (Organisasi Papua Merdeka) leaders surrendered to save the village they were caught in. They were beaten to death with red hot[citation needed] iron bars and their bodies thrown into a pit latrine. The 125 villagers were then machine gunned as suspected OPM sympathisers.
  • June 1978: 14 corpses found shot, West of Sentani Airport, Jayapura region.
  • Unknown: North Biak, 12 people were shot after receiving permission to leave camp to collect sago for a village feast.
  • 1981: 10 Papuans were killed, and 58 disappeared without trace. Paniai Region.
  • Jun–Aug 1981: Operasi Sapu Bersih (Operation Clean Sweep); population of Ampas-Waris and Batte-Arso villages were bayoneted and left for dead.
  • Sep–Dec 1981: An estimated 13,000 Papuans were killed in the central highlands.
  • July 1984: Naval, air, and ground troop assault of Nagasawa/Ormo Kecil village; 200 were killed.
  • Unknown: Naval shelling of Taronta, Takar, and Masi-Masi coastal villages; the survivors fled towards Jayapura; under Dutch rule in 1950 each village had a population of 1500 to 2000.
  • 24 June 1985: 2,500 were killed in Paniai area of Wissel Lake district, including 115 from Iwandoga and Kugapa villages.
  • 1986–87: 34 were killed in Paniai/Wissel Lake District.
  • 8 January 1996: OPM militants led by Kelly Kwalik held 26 members of the Lorentz Expedition hostage in Mapenduma.[4] This triggered the Mapenduma hostage crisis (two hostages died) and the 1996 Timika shooting incident on 15 April (sixteen died).
  • 9 May 1996: Mapenduma hostage crisis ends with the raid on OPM base in Geselama, Mimika, by Kopassus.

Post-Suharto[edit]

1998–2010[edit]

  • 6 October 2000: As police raided a flag-raising ceremony in Wamena, a mob formed and two non-Papuans were killed in unclear circumstances. The mob started to riot and moved to a neighbourhood of migrants from other parts of Indonesia, burning and looting shops. Seven Papuans were shot and twenty-four non-Papuans killed.[15]
  • 11 November 2001: Two weeks after rejecting the autonomy law as soon as it had passed, the chairman of the Papua Presidium Council, Theys Eluay, was found murdered in his car outside Jayapura after he had been kidnapped.[16]
  • 31 August 2002: Gunmen attacked a group of American school teachers and local employees on a sightseeing trip. Two Americans and one Indonesian were killed, and seven Americans and an Indonesian girl were wounded. Indonesian officials placed responsibility on the OPM; a spokesman for the group denied involvement.[17][18]
  • 1 December 2003: A group of 500 people hoisted the separatist flag, several other actions took place, 42 people were arrested.
  • 15 January 2004: Journalist Mark Worth found dead in hotel in Sentai two days after the ABC announced his documentary, Land of the Morning Star, would premier on Australian screens in February 2004[19]
  • 15 October 2004: Papuan rebels killed six civilians in an attack in Puncak Jaya.[20]
  • 16 March 2006: Three policemen and an airman were killed and 24 other people injured during a clash with Papuan students who had been demanding closure of Freeport's Grasberg mine in Papua.[21]
  • 9 August 2008: In Wamena, one man, Opinus Tabuni (a distant relative of Buchtar Tabuni), was killed when Indonesian security forces opened fire in response to the raising of the banned Morning Star flag by activists at a large rally organised by DAP (Dewan Adat Papua – Papuan Customary Council) marking the UN-declared International Day of the World's Indigenous People.[22]
  • 4 December 2008: Four Papuans were wounded by gunfire from the police at a demonstration for the independence of West Papua.[23]
  • 29 January 2009: At least five Papuans were wounded by shots fired by police during a demonstration.[23]
  • 14 March 2009: One Indonesian Army soldier was killed during an attack against a security post in Tingginambut. The OPM was blamed.[24]
  • 8 April 2009: Several bombs exploded against a bridge and a refinery on the island of Biak. One person was killed.[23]
  • 9 April 2009: A bomb attack in Jayapura killed five and severely injured several others.[25] Meanwhile, about 500 militants attacked a police post with bows and arrows and petrol bombs. One died after being shot by police.[26]
  • 11–12 April 2009: Fighting between the army and the Papuan resistance left eleven dead, including six members of the security forces. At the same time, a bomb was defused beside a police station in Biak.[23]
  • 15 April 2009: An attack against a convoy of police in Tingginambut killed one and wounded six. The OPM was blamed.[23]
  • 11 July 2009: An employee of Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.’s Indonesian unit was shot dead in an attack outside the company’s mine in Papua.[27]
  • July 2009: OPM members hoisted the flag of West Papua in the village of Jugum. Afterwards more than thirty houses were burned by the Indonesian army.[28]
  • 12 August 2009: A convoy of sixteen buses for employees of Freeport-McMoRan Copper's was ambushed. Two people were killed and five wounded.[29]
  • 16 December 2009: Free Papua Movement (OPM) leader Kelly Kwalik was shot by Indonesian police during a raid in Timika and died in Timika Hospital.[30]

2010s[edit]

  • 24 January 2010: Rebels ambushed a convoy of mining company PT Freeport McMoran employees. Nine people were injured; OPM denied responsibility.[31]
  • 1 March 2010: The Australian West Papua Association in Sydney said that the situation in West Papua was deteriorating. Since the previous July there had been fourteen incidents of shootings around the Grasberg mine, Freeport's copper and gold mine. The attacks had killed at least three and injured thirteen.[32]
  • 23 March 2010: Rebels attacked an Indonesian military convoy, injuring some of the soldiers.[33]
  • May 2010 : The OPM were suspected of killing three workers at a construction site. In retaliation the Indonesian military raided a village leaving at least two dead and a woman raped, while houses in three villages were burned by the military.[34]
  • 17 May 2010: The army attacked a base of OPM killing one suspected militant.[34]
  • 21 May 2010: Militants attacked members of the Indonesian army near Yambi, 75 km from Mulia. No casualties were reported.[34]
  • 15 June 2010: An officer of the Indonesian elite police was shot dead during a patrol, Eight firearms were also stolen by the rebels.[35]
  • July 2010: Twelve houses and two churches were destroyed and a woman was raped during an Indonesian army operation to capture Goliath Tabuni.[36]
  • 23 June 2011: A police officer from Jayapura was shot by alleged members of the Free Papua Movement.[37]
  • 6 July 2011: Three soldiers were shot during a clash with unknown attackers in Kalome village, Tingginambut district.[38]
  • 20 July 2011: An Indonesian soldier was killed in an ambush against a military security squad in Puncak Jaya district in Papua.[38]
  • 31 July 2011: Rebels attacked a car in Papua with guns, axes and knives killing one soldier and three civilians and also wounding seven; OPM denied responsibility.[39][40]
  • 1 August 2011: The National Police said that members of the Free Papua Movement killed four civilians near Tanjakan Gunung Merah, Paniai.[41]
  • 2 August 2011: A soldier guarding a military post in Tingginambut was shot dead. In the town of Mulia two shootings targeted the police and military, injuring one soldier.[42]
  • 3 August 2011: Separatists shot at an army helicopter as it evacuated the body of a soldier they had allegedly killed.[42]
  • 22 October 2011: Al Jazeera published footage of an independence gathering that was attacked by Indonesian security forces. At least five people were killed.[43][44]
  • 2 December 2011: An officer from Jayapura Police office was found dead next to a river after he was allegedly slain by a group wielding arrows and daggers. OPM was blamed.[45]
  • 5 December 2011: Two policemen were killed in Puncak Jaya during an exchange of gunfire with suspected members of the Free Papua Movement.[46]
  • 12 December 2011: police attacked the headquarters of a local cell of the OPM. The police seized firearms, ammunition, knives, combat gear, documents, and Morning Star flags, and killed 14 militants.[47]
  • In 2012, West Papuan National Committee's (KNPB) Chairman Mako Tabuni died in hospital after sustaining a shooting injury during an arrest attempt by the Jayapura police department.[48]
  • 22 February 2013: a military helicopter was damaged by ground fire while attempting to remove the bodies of soldiers killed fighting the OPM earlier. At least three members of the crew were injured. Eight Indonesian soldiers were killed in fighting around the same time.[49]
  • 7 April 2014: A border post between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia was damaged and the border crossing temporally closed after a shoot out between the Indonesian Military and "armed civilians". Papua New Guinea local media reported that OPM fighters may have fired from the New Guinea side of the border and were dressed in blue berets to resemble United Nations personnel. No casualties were reported.[50]
  • 18 September 2014: In a fire fight between Indonesian Security forces and around thirty OPM members at an airfield in the Lanny jaya district, an OPM member was killed and several people wounded. The group of OPM fighters were suspected to be responsible for shooting dead two policemen in July.[51]
  • 13 October 2014: An individual carrying equipment and a large amount of ammunition was apprehended at Sentani airport. The illegal items were found during a routine X-ray after which the suspect attempted escape but was apprehended 200m from the airport. Items seized included 112 5.56-calibre bullets, 20 .56-calibre bullet casings, 13 9-calibre bullets and a single 7.6-calibre cartridge. The police also seized one weapon and a Nokia mobile phone. Earlier, the Papua Police managed to confiscate dozens of home-made weapons and rounds of ammunition during a raid on the OPM’s local headquarters. A policeman involved said; "As many as 20 rounds of Mauser ammunition, five home-made weapons, one motorcycle and striped uniforms were confiscated during the raid,".[52]
  • 8 December 2014, four youths were killed and 10 to 21 others were injured during an incident in the Paniai district. Government officials said a few hundred protesters attacked local military and police posts, while rights activists accused the military of shooting at unarmed people after several smaller incidents earlier in the day.[53]
  • 24 March 2015, General Goliath Tabuni and 23 of his followers surrendered to the Indonesian army in Tingginambut, Puncak Jaya.[54]
  • 9 September 2015, 4 woodcutters were attacked by armed militants near the border with Papua New Guinea. One of them was killed. Another one was injured while the remaining two were taken hostage and brought to Papua New Guinea. OPM claimed the attack, and stated that they demand prisoner exchange with their two comrades who were arrested. The Indonesian government appealed for help to the Papua New Guinean government. The two hostages was released in 18 September 2015, after the militants were arrested by the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.[55][56][57]
  • 26 January 2016, 10 militants surrendered to the Indonesian Army in Puncak Jaya. They used to be the followers of General Goliath Tabuni, who surrendered in 2015. The government is planning to give them amnesty.[58]
  • May 2016: Mass demonstrations in support of the Free Papua Movement and its efforts to join the Melanesian Spearhead Group began in early May and continued throughout the month. Indonesian police responded by arresting thousands of demonstrators.[59]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ George, William Lloyd (17 July 2011). "No Man's Island". Newsweek. Retrieved 17 July 2011. 
  2. ^ a b c Philippe Pataud Celerier, Autonomy isn’t independence; Indonesian democracy stops in Papua, Le Monde Diplomatique, June 2010
  3. ^ "Papua als Teil Indonesiens". Indonesia-portal.de. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  4. ^ a b c Pike, John (17 April 2009). "Free Papua Movement". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 20 April 2011. 
  5. ^ "Protest and Punishment" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  6. ^ "Protest and Punishment | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  7. ^ Singh, Bilveer (2008). Papua: Geopolitics and the Quest for Nationhood. Transaction Publishers. pp. 61–64. 
  8. ^ Penders, Christian Lambert Maria (2002). The West New Guinea Debacle: Dutch Decolonization and Indonesia, 1945-1962. University of Hawaii Press. p. 154. 
  9. ^ Bilveer Singh, page 2
  10. ^ Lintner, Bertil (21 January 2009). "Papuans Try to Keep Cause Alive". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 9 February 2009. 
  11. ^ Heidbüchel, Esther (2007). The West Papua Conflict in Indonesia: Actors, Issues, and Approaches. Johannes Herrmann Verlag. pp. 87–89. 
  12. ^ May, Ronald James (2001). State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years. ANU E Press. pp. 238, 269, 294. 
  13. ^ King, Peter (2004). West Papua & Indonesia since Suharto: Independence, Autonomy, or Chaos?. UNSW Press. p. 179. 
  14. ^ Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. "West Papua: Nobel Prize Desmond Tutu calls on UN to act". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 15 May 2013. 
  15. ^ "Violence and Political Impasse in Papua" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. July 2001. Retrieved 21 April 2011. 
  16. ^ "Indonesia". State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  17. ^ 'Violence, a US mining giant, and Papua politics', by Dan Murphy, Christian Science Monitor, 3 September 2002 retvd 5 14 14 http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0903/p01s04-woap.html
  18. ^ "Free Papua Movement". Historycommons.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  19. ^ Ilya, Gridneff (26 February 2014). "Calls to probe Aussie death in Papua". Fairfax. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 
  20. ^ "'Papua separatists' kill six civilians, JAKARTA POST". Worldsources Online. 15 October 2004. 
  21. ^ "LEAD: 4 security personnel killed in clash over U.S. mine. | Goliath Business News". Goliath.ecnext.com. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  22. ^ "INDONESIA: The killing of a Papuan at a demonstration remains unpunished — Asian Human Rights Commission". Ahrchk.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  23. ^ a b c d e [1][dead link]
  24. ^ "Separatists attack Indonesia's Papua, killing one soldier_English_Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 14 March 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  25. ^ "Police blame group for election attacks « Free West Papua – For a Free and Independent West Papua". Westpapuareview.wordpress.com. 25 April 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  26. ^ "Violence in West Papua « Free West Papua – For a Free and Independent West Papua". Westpapuareview.wordpress.com. 11 April 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  27. ^ Moestafa, Berni (11 July 2009). "Freeport Indonesia Employee Shot Dead in Attack Near Papua Mine". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  28. ^ "INDONESIA: Police and soldiers burn houses and destroy resources in Papua's Bolakme district — Asian Human Rights Commission". Ahrchk.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  29. ^ SD. "Pour convaincre, la vérité ne peut suffire: Une insurrection oubliée en Papouasie indonésienne". Pourconvaincre.blogspot.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  30. ^ "Fears for more tension in Mimika after killing of Papua’s Kwalik". Solomonstarnews.com. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  31. ^ "OPM Denies Responsibility for Ambush And Calls Police Accusation ‘Baseless’". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  32. ^ "AWPA Calls Rudd To Raise West Papua With Indonesia". Pacific.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  33. ^ "West Papua Report April 2010: OPM ceasefire call, Troop increase, Merauke food estate, State Dept.HR". Freewestpapua.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  34. ^ a b c "West Papua Report June 2010". Etan.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  35. ^ "Brimob Officer on Trail Of OPM Gunned Down". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  36. ^ "West Papua Report July 2010". Etan.org. 1 December 1961. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  37. ^ "Assailant Shoots Police Officer in Jayapura". The Jakarta Globe. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  38. ^ a b "Soldier Killed in Another Ambush in Papua". The Jakarta Globe. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  39. ^ "Un soldat et trois civils tués dans une attaque en Indonésie - Actualité Asie". Chine-informations.com. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  40. ^ "(Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australia Network News. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  41. ^ "OPM launched double attacks against civilians: Police". The Jakarta Post. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  42. ^ a b "Separatists Kill Soldier, Attack Chopper in Papua: Police". The Jakarta Globe. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  43. ^ "Forces raid Papuan independence gathering". Al Jazeera. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 
  44. ^ "West Papua Report November 2011". Etan.org. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  45. ^ "Police officer killed in Papua". News.asiaone.com. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  46. ^ "Two policemen die in Papua shootout". UPI.com. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  47. ^ "Soldiers Kill Suspected OPM Member in Gunfight". The Jakarta Globe. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  48. ^ "Kompas - Penembakan Mako Tabuni Hingga Tewas Dipertanyakan'". kompas.com. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014. 
  49. ^ "BBC News - Indonesian army helicopter 'shot at in Papua'". Bbc.co.uk. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013. 
  50. ^ "East west Centre - border gun battle in PNG". http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.  External link in |publisher= (help)
  51. ^ "OPM member killed in shoot out". http://www.radionz.co.nz/. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.  External link in |publisher= (help)
  52. ^ "Hundreds of rounds of ammunition confiscated at Sentani Airport". http://www.thejakartapost.com/date=2014-10-13. Retrieved 13 October 2014.  External link in |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ "Fresh unrest rocks Indonesia's Papua province". Retrieved 10 May 2016. 
  54. ^ PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU - VIVA.co.id. "Pangdam Cenderawasih Goliat Tabuni Belum Menyerah". Retrieved 10 May 2016. 
  55. ^ Suriyanto. "Juru Bicara OPM: Penyanderaan WNI Dipimpin Lucas Bomay". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 10 May 2016. 
  56. ^ Rinaldy Sofwan Fakhrana. "OPM Sandera Dua Warga Indonesia di Papua Nugini". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 10 May 2016. 
  57. ^ Muhaimin (18 September 2015). "Cerita Jenderal PNG soal Penyelamatan 2 WNI dari OPM". SINDOnews.com. Retrieved 10 May 2016. 
  58. ^ "10 Anggota OPM Menyerah: Kami Bosan Berjuang, Tidak Ada Hasil". Klikkabar.com. Retrieved 10 May 2016. 
  59. ^ "More mass demos in West Papua". Radio New Zealand. 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-05-31. 

Further reading[edit]

  • Bobby Anderson, "Papua's Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery", East-West Center, Policy Studies 73, 978-0-86638-264-9 (print); 978-0-86638-265-6 (electronic)
  • Richard Chauvel, Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, The Papua conflict: Jakarta's perceptions and policies, 2004, ISBN 1-932728-08-2, ISBN 978-1-932728-08-8
  • Esther Heidbüchel, The West Papua conflict in Indonesia: actors, issues and approaches, 2007, ISBN 3-937983-10-4, ISBN 978-3-937983-10-3
  • J. Budi Hernawan, Papua land of peace: addressing conflict building peace in West Papua, 2005
  • Blair A. King, Peace in Papua: widening a window of opportunity, 2006, ISBN 0-87609-357-8, ISBN 978-0-87609-357-3

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