Law of France

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For the economic policies implemented under French King Louis XV, called “The Law System”, see John Law (economist).
French system of Jurisdiction
French legal system

In academic terms, French law can be divided into two main categories: private law ("droit privé") and public law ("droit public"). This differs from the traditional common law conception in which the main distinction is between Criminal law and Civil Law.

Private law governs relationships between individuals.[1] It includes, in particular:[2]

Public law defines the structure and the workings of the government as well as relationships between the state and individuals.[1] It includes, in particular:

Together, these two distinctions form the backbone of legal studies in France, such that it has become a classical distinction[2]

Overview[edit]

The legal system especially underwent changes after the French revolution. Also, during the colonial era some Muslim-dominated societies began to blend the sharia legal system with the French legal system as represented in local law.[3][unreliable source?]

The announcement in November 2005 by the European Commission that powers recognised in a recent European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruling underlay its intention to create a dozen or so European Union (EU) criminal offences suggests that one should also now consider EU law ("droit communautaire", sometimes referred to, less accurately, as "droit européen") as a new and distinct area of law in France (akin to the federal laws that apply across States of the US, on top of their own State law), and not simply a group of rules which influence the content of France's civil, criminal, administrative and constitutional law.

Civil law[edit]

As mentioned, the term civil law in France refers to private law, and should be distinguished from the group of legal systems descended from Roman Law known as civil law, as opposed to common law. The main body of statutes and laws governing civil law and procedure are set out in the Civil Code of France.[4] Other private law statutes are also located in other codes such as commercial code in the Code of Commerce, or copyright law in the Intellectual Property Code.

Criminal law[edit]

French criminal law is governed first and foremost by the Code pénal, or penal code, which for example formally prohibits violent offences, e.g., homicide, assault, etc., and many pecuniary offences such as theft or money laundering, and provides general punishment guidelines. However, a number of criminal offenses, e.g., slander and libel, have not been codified but are instead addressed by legislation.[5]

Constitutional law[edit]

Constitutional law is a branch of public law dealing with:

  • Human rights
  • Constitution and functioning of the public authorities and the government and, in particular the relationship between the three constitutional powers, executive, legislative and judiciary.
  • Relationship between citizens and public authorities, in particular the participation of French citizens to the exercise of public powers.

It fixes the hierarchy of laws and rules within the French legal system and the relationship between these different norms. Constitutional law became independent from political science and administrative law with the Constitution of 1958 which included the institution of a constitutional court, the "Conseil Constitutionnel".

Administrative law[edit]

In France, most claims against local or national governments are handled by the administrative courts, for which the Conseil d'État (Council of State) is a court of last resort. The main administrative courts are the tribunaux administratifs and cours administratives d'appel for appeals. The French body of administrative law is called droit administratif.

European Union Law[edit]

Traditionally, the law of the European Union (EU) has been viewed as a body of rules which are transposed either automatically (in the case of a regulation) or by national legislation (in the case of a directive) into French domestic law, whether in civil, criminal, administrative or constitutional law.

However, in November 2005 the Commission SADOS[clarification needed] announced a proposed directive based on a somewhat controversial European Court of Justice (ECJ) decision holding that the EU had the right to require its member states to introduce criminal laws because, in the case at hand, this was necessary in order to implement and uphold EU legislation on combatting pollution. The commission intended to create a dozen or so EU criminal offences, similar to the relationship of federal to state law in the United States of America. Indeed, led by its then-Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs Franco Frattini - it insisted that the principle created in this decision applied to all policies, not just pollution policy.

In May 2006, the Commission formally submitted to the EU Parliament and EU Council (which have co-decision powers) the first draft directive aiming to put this into effect. The draft concerns counterfeiting (for example, of car parts, drugs, or children's toys) and requires each Member State to set the following penalties for what it terms "organised counterfeiters": a period of imprisonment of up to four years and a fine of up to €300,000. The Parliament began its consideration of the draft directive in March 2007.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Cornu, Gérard (2014). Vocabulaire Juridique (in French) (10 ed.). Paris: PUF. 
  2. ^ a b Terré, François (2009). Introduction générale au droit. Précis (in French) (8 ed.). Paris: Dalloz. pp. 91–95. 
  3. ^ Kabir, Nahid (2010). Young British Muslims. p. 170. 
  4. ^ Link to Civil Code
  5. ^ Link to Penal Code

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Aubert, Jean-Luc. Introduction au droit (Presses Universitaires de France, 2002) ISBN 2-13-053181-4, 127 pages (many editions)
    • One of the 'Que sais-je?' series of "pocketbook" volumes, which provide readable short summaries
  • Cairns, Walter. Introduction to French law (London: Cavendish, 1995) ISBN 1-85941-112-6.
  • Elliott, Catherine. French legal system (Harlow, England: Longman, 2000) ISBN 0-582-32747-4.
  • Starck, Boris. Introduction au droit 5. éd. (Paris: Litec, c2000) ISBN 2-7111-3221-8.
  • Bell, John. Principles of French law (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-19-876394-8, ISBN 0-19-876395-6.
  • Dadomo, Christian. The French legal system 2nd ed. (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1996) ISBN 0-421-53970-4.
  • West, Andrew. The French legal system 2nd ed. (London: Butterworths, 1998) ISBN 0-406-90323-9.
  • Reynolds, Thomas. Foreign law: current sources of codes and basic legislation in jurisdictions of the world (Littleton, Colo.: F.B. Rothman, 1989- ) v. (loose-leaf) ; 24 cm. ; Series: AALL publications series 33 ; Contents v. 1. The Western hemisphere—v. 2. Western and Eastern Europe—v. 3. Africa, Asia and Australia. ISBN 0-8377-0134-1 ; http://www.foreignlawguide.com/
    • For both an overview and pointers toward further study, see the excellent introduction to the "France" section
  • David, René. Major legal systems in the world today: an introduction to the comparative study of law 3rd ed. (London: Stevens, 1985) ISBN 0-420-47340-8, ISBN 0-420-47350-5 ; (Birmingham, AL: Gryphon Editions, 1988) ISBN 0-420-47340-8.
  • Brissaud, Jean. A history of French public law (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1915) Series: The Continental legal history series v. 9 ; Note: A translation of pt. II (omitting the first two sections of the introduction) of the author's Manuel d'histoire du droit français.
    • French legal history appears throughout most of the above.
  • Brissaud, Jean. A history of French private law (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1912) Series: The Continental legal history series v. 3. Note: Translation of pt. III (with the addition of one chapter from pt. II) of the author's Manuel d'histoire du droit français.
  • Brissaud, Jean, 1854-1904. Manuel d'histoire du droit français (Paris: Albert Fontemoing, 1908).
    • the original French text
  • Castaldo, André. Introduction historique au droit 2. éd. (Paris: Dalloz, c2003) ISBN 2-247-05159-6.
  • Rigaudière, Albert. Introduction historique à l'étude du droit et des institutions (Paris: Economica, 2001) ISBN 2-7178-4328-0.
  • Thireau, Jean-Louis. Introduction historique au droit (Paris: Flammarion, c2001) ISBN 2-08-083014-7.
  • Bart, Jean. Histoire du droit (Paris: Dalloz, c1999) ISBN 2-247-03738-0.
  • Carbasse, Jean-Marie. Introduction historique au droit 2. éd. corr. (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1999, c1998) ISBN 2-13-049621-0.

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