Ménière's disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Ménétrier's disease.
Ménière's disease
Vestibular system's semicircular canal- a cross-section.jpg
Classification and external resources
Specialty otolaryngology
ICD-10 H81.0
ICD-9-CM 386.0
OMIM 156000
DiseasesDB 8003
MedlinePlus 000702
eMedicine emerg/308
MeSH D008575

Ménière's disease /meɪnˈjɛərz/,[1] also called endolymphatic hydrops, is a disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. The hearing loss comes and goes for some time, alternating between ears, then becomes permanent.

The condition is named after the French physician Prosper Menière, who, in an 1861 article, first reported that vertigo was caused by inner ear disorders.[2] The condition affects people differently; it can range in intensity from being a mild annoyance to a lifelong condition.[3]

Signs and symptoms[edit]

Audiograms illustrating normal hearing (left) and unilateral low-pitch hearing loss associated with Ménière's disease (right).

Ménière's often begins with one symptom, and gradually progresses. However, not all symptoms must be present to confirm the diagnosis[4] although several symptoms at once is more conclusive than different symptoms at separate times.[5] Other conditions can present themselves with Ménière's-like symptoms, such as syphilis, Cogan's syndrome, autoimmune inner ear disease, dysautonomia, perilymph fistula, multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and both hypo- and hyperthyroidism.[6]

Ménière's symptoms vary. Not all sufferers experience the same symptoms. However, so-called "classic" Ménière's has the following four symptoms:[7]

  • Attacks of rotational vertigo that can be severe, incapacitating, unpredictable, and last anywhere from minutes to hours,[8] but generally no longer than 24 hours. For some, prolonged attacks can occur, lasting from several days to several weeks, often severely incapacitating the sufferer.[9] This combines with an increase in volume of tinnitus and temporary, albeit significant, hearing loss. Hearing may improve after an attack, but often becomes progressively worse. Nausea, vomiting, and sweating sometimes accompany vertigo, but are symptoms of vertigo, and not of Ménière's.[10]
  • Fluctuating, progressive, unilateral (in one ear) or bilateral (in both ears) hearing loss, usually in lower frequencies.[11] For some, sounds can appear tinny or distorted, and patients can experience unusual sensitivity to noises.[12]
  • Unilateral or bilateral tinnitus.
  • A sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears.

Some patients may have parasympathetic symptoms, which aren't necessarily symptoms of Ménière's, but rather side effects of other symptoms. These include nausea, vomiting, and sweating—which are typically symptoms of vertigo, and not of Ménière's. Vertigo may induce nystagmus, or uncontrollable rhythmical and jerky eye movements, usually in the horizontal plane, reflecting the essential role of non-visual balance in coordinating eye movements.[13]

Sudden falls without loss of consciousness (drop attacks, also known as Tumarkin attacks) may be experienced by some people, usually in the later stages of the disease.[14][15] Less than 10% of people with Ménière's disease tend to experience such attacks. There is typically a sensation of being pushed sharply to the floor from behind (this is thought to be triggered by a sudden mechanical disturbance of the otolithic membrane that activates motoneurons in the vestibulospinal tract).[16] The affected person is able to get up again immediately afterwards.[16]

Migraine[edit]

There is an increased prevalence of migraine in patients with Ménière’s disease. Some clinical samples show about one third of patients experiencing migraines.[17][18] An association with familial history of vestibular migraine has also been demonstrated.[19] It is likely that a pathophysiologic continuum (spectrum) exists between Ménière’s disease and vestibular migraine.[20]

Cause[edit]

Menière's disease is linked to endolymphatic hydrops, an excess of fluid in the inner ear.[21] The membranous labyrinth, a system of membranes in the ear, contains a fluid called endolymph. In Ménière's disease, endolymph bursts from its normal channels in the ear and flows into other areas, causing damage. This is called "hydrops." The membranes can become dilated like a balloon when pressure increases and drainage is blocked.[22] This may be related to swelling of the endolymphatic sac or other tissues in the vestibular system of the inner ear, which is responsible for the body's sense of balance.

In some cases, the endolymphatic duct may be obstructed by scar tissue, or may be narrow from birth. In some cases there may be too much fluid secreted by the stria vascularis. The symptoms may occur in the presence of a middle ear infection, head trauma, or an upper respiratory tract infection, or by using aspirin, smoking cigarettes, or drinking alcohol. They may be further exacerbated by excessive consumption of salt in some patients. It has also been proposed that in some patients Ménière's disease could be caused by the harmful effects of a herpes virus.[medical citation needed]

Menière's disease affects about 190 people per 100,000.[23] Recent gender predominance studies show that Ménière's tends to affect women more often than men.[23] Age of onset typically occurs in adult years, with prevalence increasing with age.[23]

Recent research has found that Menière's disease may potentially be influenced and worsened by obstructive sleep apnea,[24] and that risk factors for reduced vascular function in the brain such as smoking, migraines, and atherosclerosis may play an important role in triggering attacks.[25]

Diagnosis[edit]

Doctors establish a diagnosis with complaints and medical history. However, a detailed otolaryngological examination, audiometry, and head MRI scan should be performed to exclude a vestibular schwannoma or superior canal dehiscence, which would cause similar symptoms. Some of the same symptoms also occur with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and with cervical spondylosis (which can affect blood supply to the brain and cause vertigo).

Menière's disease is an idiopathic and therefore a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning there is no definitive test for Menière's; it is only diagnosed when all other possible causes of the patient's symptom have been ruled out.[26]

History[edit]

Menière's disease had been recognized as early as the 1860s, but it was still relatively vague and broad at the time. The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium (AAO HNS CHE) set criteria for diagnosing Ménière's, as well as defining two sub categories of Menière's: cochlear (without vertigo) and vestibular (without deafness).[27]

In 1972, the academy defined criteria for diagnosing Menière's disease as:[28]

  1. Fluctuating, progressive, sensorineural deafness.
  2. Episodic, characteristic definitive spells of vertigo lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours with no unconsciousness, vestibular nystagmus always present.
  3. Usually tinnitus.
  4. Attacks are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.

In 1985, this list changed to alter wording, such as changing "deafness" to "hearing loss associated with tinnitus, characteristically of low frequencies" and requiring more than one attack of vertigo to diagnose.[29] Finally in 1995, the list was again altered to allow for degrees of the disease:[30]

  1. Certain - Definite disease with histopathological confirmation
  2. Definite - Requires two or more definitive episodes of vertigo with hearing loss plus tinnitus and/or aural fullness
  3. Probable - Only one definitive episode of vertigo and the other symptoms and signs
  4. Possible - Definitive vertigo with no associated hearing loss

Management[edit]

Several environmental and dietary changes are thought to reduce the frequency or severity of symptom outbreaks. It is believed that since high sodium intake causes water retention, a diet high in salt can lead to an increase (or at least prevent the decrease) of fluid within the inner ear, although the relationship between salt and the inner ear is not fully understood.[31] Thus, a low sodium diet is often prescribed, with sodium intake reduced to one to two grams of sodium per day[31] (equivalent to approximately 2.5 to 5 grams of table salt, or a little more than one third to two thirds of a teaspoon). By comparison, the recommended Upper Limit (UL) for sodium intake is 2.3 grams per day,[32] and most people are recommended to consume less than 1.5 grams,[32] but on average people in the United States consume 3.4 grams per day.[33]

Diuretics have traditionally been prescribed to increase sodium excretion through the urine and thus (it is thought) enhance the effect of sodium restriction, although there is no definite supportive evidence.[31] Some sources recommend taking two grams of potassium or more daily for similar reasons.[34][35][36]

Additionally, patients may be advised to avoid alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco, all of which can aggravate Ménière's symptoms.[citation needed] Many patients have allergy testing to see if they are candidates for allergy desensitization, as allergies have been shown to aggravate Menière's symptoms.[37]

Prescription and over-the-counter medicine can reduce nausea and vomiting during an episode. Possibly effective medicines include antihistamines such as meclozine or dimenhydrinate, trimethobenzamide and other antiemetics, betahistine, diazepam, and ginger root.[38] Betahistine, specifically, is of note because it is the only drug listed that has been proposed to prevent symptoms due to its vasodilation effect on the inner ear.[31]

Another consideration is that different strains of a herpes virus can have different characteristics that produce differences in the precise effects of the virus. Further confirmation that acyclovir can have a positive effect on Ménière's symptoms has been reported.[39]

Studies done over the use of transtympanic micropressure pulses have indicated promise with patients who had not been previously treated by gentamicin or surgery.[40][41] Other studies suggest less clear results and propose that micropressure devices are simply placebos.[31]

Coping[edit]

Sufferers tend to have high stress and anxiety, which may be caused directly by the disease and not merely a secondary effect.[42] Vestibular injuries are known to increase levels of anxiety directly by affecting signal processing in the brain, and vice versa, i.e. anxiety negatively affects vestibular signal processing.[43][44] Some patients benefit from non-specific yoga, t'ai chi,[45] and meditation. Greenberg and Nedzelski recommend education to alleviate feelings of depression or helplessness.[31]

Surgery[edit]

If symptoms do not improve with typical treatment, more permanent surgery is considered.[46] Unfortunately, because the inner ear deals with both balance and hearing, few surgeries guarantee no hearing loss.

Nondestructive surgeries include procedures that don't actively remove any functionality, but rather aim to improve the way the ear works.[47] Intratympanic steroid treatments involve injecting steroids (commonly dexamethasone) into the middle ear to reduce inflammation and alter inner ear circulation.[48] Surgery to decompress the endolymphatic sac has shown effective for temporary relief from symptoms. Most patients see a decrease in vertigo occurrence, while their hearing may be unaffected. This treatment, however, does not address the long-term course of vertigo in Ménière's disease[49] and may require repeated surgery. Danish studies even link this surgery to a very strong placebo effect, and that very little difference occurred in a 9-year followup, but could not deny the efficacy of the treatment.[50]

Conversely, destructive surgeries are irreversible and involve removing entire functionality of most, if not all, of the affected ear.[51] The inner ear itself can be surgically removed via labyrinthectomy although hearing is always completely lost in the affected ear with this operation.[5] Alternatively, a chemical labyrinthectomy, in which a drug (such as gentamicin) that "kills" the vestibular apparatus is injected into the middle ear can accomplish the same results while retaining hearing.[52] In more serious cases surgeons can cut the nerve to the balance portion of the inner ear in a vestibular neurectomy. Hearing is often mostly preserved, however the surgery involves cutting open into the lining of the brain, and a hospital stay of a few days for monitoring would be required.[53] Vertigo (and the associated nausea and vomiting) typically accompany the recovery from destructive surgeries as the brain learns to compensate.[53]

Intratympanic Gentamycin Treatment Protocol[edit]

A more recent development in the treatment of Menière's disease is the intra-tympanic (or transtympanic) Gentamicin treatment, commonly referred to as ITG or TTG.[54] Gentamicin, a broad spectrum antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, is a known vestibulotoxic drug.[55] This means that, although useful in treating many types of infections, it has the side-effect of affecting the vestibular system of the inner ear, and thus affecting balance, and, to a lesser extent, hearing. However, this particular adverse action is made use of in a Meniere's patient whose primary symptom of recurrent attacks of severe vertigo have not been controlled by conservative methods. This is a minimally invasive treatment protocol where, the drug is used as an in situ poison for destroying the vestibular balancing function of the affected ear. The treatment involves injecting a low dose (normally 40 mg/ml buffered)[56] of the drug into the middle ear, through the ear drum, 4 to 6 serial titration injections, each generally a week apart, while monitoring the progress of the patient.[54] The drug gradually destroys the Type I hair cells inside the ear and thus the balancing function of the vestibule, thereby minimising or eliminating the effects of endolymphatic hydrops. The healthy ear, then, takes over the balancing function and the patient may also develop physical traits such as walking with wider steps to keep balance. The treatment is low cost and about 90 percent success rate has been reported in studies.[57][58] The significant advantage of this treatment is that it helps to control the handicapping vertigo attacks, without unduly worsening the hearing. The option to this method would be ear surgery to destroy the vestibule or its nerve connections. Most studies over the last decade have shown similar results, with the obvious lack of morbidity with the Gentamicin injection. The patient may develop signs of vertigo after a year which may require another series of injections.[54]

Physiotherapy[edit]

Physiotherapists also have a role in the management of Ménière's disease. In vestibular rehabilitation, physiotherapists use interventions aimed at stabilizing gait, reducing dizziness and increasing postural balance within the context of activities of daily living. After a vestibular assessment is conducted, the physiotherapist tailors the treatment plan to the needs of that specific patient.[59]

The central nervous system (CNS) can be re-trained because of its plasticity (its ability to change) as well as its repetitious pathways. During vestibular rehabilitation, physiotherapists take advantage of this characteristic of the CNS by provoking symptoms of dizziness or unsteadiness with head movements while allowing the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems to interpret the information. This leads to a continuous decrease in symptoms.[59]

Although a significant amount of research has been done regarding vestibular rehabilitation in other disorders, substantially less has been done specifically on Ménière's disease. However, vestibular physiotherapy is currently accepted as part of best practices in the management of this condition.[59]

The Merck Manual has added head trauma as a risk factor due to the research on 300 Ménière's patients over the past fourteen years. Michael Burcon, BPh, DC has established a link between whiplash as a result of vehicular accidents or falling on one's head and Ménière's disease. It takes an average of fifteen years after the trauma before the onset of symptoms. Case history, thermography, MRI, CScan[clarification needed], and/or cervical x-ray and modified Prill relative leg length tests are used for diagnosis and upper cervical specific adjustments are performed for treatment to reduce or eliminate vertigo.[60]

Prognosis[edit]

Ménière's disease usually starts confined to one ear, but it often extends to involve both ears over time. The number of patients who end up with bilaterial Ménière's is debated, with ranges spanning from 17% to 75%.[61]

Some Ménière's disease sufferers, in severe cases, find themselves unable to work.[62] However, a majority (60-80%) of sufferers recover with or without medical help.[61]

Hearing loss usually fluctuates in the beginning stages and becomes more permanent in later stages, although hearing aids and cochlear implants can help remedy damage.[63] Tinnitus can be unpredictable, but patients usually get used to it over time.[63]

Ménière's disease, being unpredictable, has a variable prognosis. Attacks could come more frequently and more severely, less frequently and less severely, and anywhere in between.[64] However, Ménière's is known to "burn out" when vestibular function has been destroyed to a stage where vertigo attacks cease.

Studies done on both right and left ear sufferers show that patients with their right ear affected tend to do significantly worse in cognitive performance.[65] General intelligence was not hindered, and it was concluded that declining performance was related to how long the patient had been suffering from the disease.[66]

Notable cases[edit]

  • Ryan Adams, an American musician, had to take a two-year break from music because the disease became so degenerative to him, and needed to undergo therapy to get back on stage to overcome the anxiety the disease caused him.[67]
  • Beethoven became deaf after suffering a series of episodes that match the symptoms of Ménière's disease.
  • Julius Caesar was known to have suffered from the "falling sickness" as noted in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, and has been cited by Shakespeare, noting that Caesar was unable to hear fully in his left ear.[68]
  • Kristin Chenoweth, Broadway, film, TV actress, and singer.[69]
  • Brent Crosswell, former Australian Rules football player.
  • Charles Darwin may have suffered from Ménière’s disease.[70] This idea is based on a common list of symptoms present in Darwin's case—such as tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, vomiting, continual malaise, and tiredness. The absence of hearing loss and 'fullness' of the ear (as far as known) excludes, however, a diagnosis of typical Ménière’s disease. Darwin himself had the opinion that most of his health problems had an origin in his 4-year bout with sea sickness. Later, he could not stand traveling by carriage, and only horse riding would not affect his health. One of the diagnoses that he received from his physicians at the time was that of "suppressed gout". The source of Darwin's illness is not known for certain. See Charles Darwin's health.
  • Mamie Eisenhower, wife of Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States.
  • Rev. Miguel d’Escoto Brockmann, Nicaraguan diplomat, politician and Catholic priest of the Maryknoll Society of missionaries.
  • Steve Francis, American Pro Basketball Player, is known to have suffered from Ménière's disease.
  • It has been suggested that Vincent van Gogh may have suffered from Ménière's,[71] though this is now considered conjectural.[72] See Vincent van Gogh's medical condition for a discussion of the range of possible alternative diagnoses.
  • Goya the famous Spanish court painter also became deaf after a series of episodes of illness.
  • Abdullah Gül, the 11th President of the Republic of Turkey.[73]
  • Henry Solon Graves, American Forester. Co-founder and first director of the Yale School of Forestry in New Haven, CT. Second chief of the US Forest Service. Dean of the Yale School of Forestry and also served as provost of the University. Due to the symptoms of 'Ménière's Symbole', he resigned as Chief of the US Forest Service following his return to the US from France (during WWI, he was a Lieutenant Colonel with the Army Corps of Engineers). It appears that the onset of Ménière's occurred during this time. Henry disclosed his diagnosis of "Ménière's Symbole" in a 1919 letter to his good friend, George Dudley Seymour.[74]
  • Doc Hammer, painter and co-creator of The Venture Bros. He has stated repeatedly that he has Ménière's disease.[75]
  • Shawnae Jebbia Miss USA 1998; After experiencing a hearing impairment caused by Ménière's disease she moved out of the entertainment industry and is studying towards a master's degree in nursing. She has acted as the spokesperson for the Siemens Pure 700 hearing aid.
  • Katie Leclerc, an American actress and star in the ABC Family television series Switched at Birth, is known to suffer from vertigo and was diagnosed as having Ménière's disease.
  • Martin Luther wrote in letters about the distresses of vertigo, and suspected Satan was the cause.[76][77]
  • Paddy McAloon, English singer-songwriter and member of the band Prefab Sprout, hailed as one of the great songwriters of his era.
  • Marilyn Monroe, American actress and cultural icon was known to experience the vertigo and compromised hearing associated with Ménière’s.[78]
  • Chris Packham, British wildlife photographer and television presenter.[79] Has suffered with condition since he was 37, but has vowed to continue with his work regardless.
  • Les Paul, American musician, innovator of early electric guitar and recording technology, prolific songwriter, performer.
  • Varlam Shalamov, a Russian writer, was affected.[80]
  • Alan B. Shepard, the first American astronaut and fifth man on the Moon, was diagnosed with Ménière’s disease in 1964, grounding him after only one brief spaceflight. Several years later, an endolymphatic shunt surgery (which was then at the experimental stage) was performed, allowing Shepard to fly to the Moon on Apollo 14.[81]
  • Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist, poet, and cleric, is known to have suffered from Ménière’s disease.[82]
  • David Terrell; UFC president Dana White mentioned in an interview that Terrell underwent the same surgery as White himself.
  • Dana White, president and minority owner of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). White had surgery on the condition but the procedure was a failure.[83] After the failed surgery White had another procedure involving the use of stem cells, this time the procedure was successful.[84]
  • Su Yu, PLA General who achieved many victories for the communists during the Chinese Civil War was hospitalized in 1949 and that prevented him from taking command in the Korean War, and Mao Zedong selected Peng Dehuai instead.[85]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. Accessed on 9 September 2008
  2. ^ Méniere (1861) "Sur une forme de surdité grave dépendant d’une lésion de l’oreille interne" (On a form of severe deafness dependent on a lesion of the inner ear), Bulletin de l'Académie impériale de médecine, 26 : 241.
  3. ^ Ménière's disease at Who Named It?
  4. ^ Hazell, Jonathan. "Information on Ménière's Syndrome". Retrieved 27 February 2007. 
  5. ^ a b "Meniérè's disease". Maryland Hearing and Balance Center. Retrieved 3 March 2008. 
  6. ^ Haybach, pg. 55
  7. ^ "Meniere's disease symptoms". Mayo Clinic. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008. 
  8. ^ Haybach, pg. 70
  9. ^ Lempert, T.; Neuhauser, H. (November 2008). "Epidemiology of vertigo, migraine and vestibular migraine". Journal of Neurology 256 (3): 333–338. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-0149-2. PMID 19225823. 
  10. ^ Haybach, p. 72
  11. ^ Haybach, p. 71
  12. ^ Haybach, pg. 79
  13. ^ Haybach, pg. 46
  14. ^ Ruckenstein, MJ; Shea, JJ Jr (1999). Harris, JP, ed. Meniere's Disease. Kugler Publications. p. 266. ISBN 978-90-6299-162-4. 
  15. ^ Hayback, PJ. "Mèniére's Disease". vestibular.org. Vestibular Disorders Association. Retrieved 22 September 2015. 
  16. ^ a b Harcourt J, Barraclough K, Bronstein AM (2014). "Meniere's disease". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 349: g6544. PMID 25391837. 
  17. ^ Ibekwe TS, Fasunla JA, Ibekwe PU, Obasikene GC, Onakoya PA, Nwaorgu OG (2008). "Migraine and Ménière's disease: two different phenomena with frequently observed concomitant occurrences". J Natl Med Assoc. 100 (3): 334–8. PMID 18390027. 
  18. ^ Shin JE, Kim CH, Park HJ (2013). "Vestibular abnormality in patients with Ménière's disease and migrainous vertigo". Acta Otolaryngol. 133 (2): 254–8. doi:10.3109/00016489.2012.727469. PMID 23145969. 
  19. ^ Requena T, Espinosa-Sanchez JM, Lopez-Escamez JA (2013). "Genetics of dizziness: cerebellar and vestibular disorders". Curr Opin Neurol. 
  20. ^ Swaminathan A, Smith JH (2015). "Migraine and vertigo" (PDF). Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 15 (2): 515. doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0515-z. PMID 25467406. 
  21. ^ Haybach, pg. 8
  22. ^ Menieres Causes at the American Hearing Research Foundation Chicago, Illinois 2008.
  23. ^ a b c Thomas, Alexander; Jeffrey Harris (October 2010). "Current Epidemiology of Menière's Syndrome". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 43 (5): 965–970. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.001. PMID 20713236. 
  24. ^ Nakayama, M.; Kabaya K. (Oct 2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome as a novel cause for Ménière's disease.". Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Retrieved 4 September 2013. 
  25. ^ http://www.ucdenver.edu/about/newsroom/newsreleases/Pages/How-to-treat-Menieres-disease.aspx
  26. ^ Haybach, pg. 9
  27. ^ Beasley, Jones, p.1111, para.elsei 3
  28. ^ Beasley, Jones, p.1111, para. 2/table I
  29. ^ Beasley, Jones, p.1111, para. 4/table II
  30. ^ Beasley, Jones, p.1112, para. 2/table III
  31. ^ a b c d e f Greenberg, Simon; Julian Nedzelski (October 2010). "Medical and Noninvasive Therapy for Menière's Disease". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 43 (5): 1081–1090. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.005. PMID 20713246. 
  32. ^ a b "Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate". Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, United States National Academies. 11 February 2004. 
  33. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (December 2010). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (PDF) (7th ed.). p. 22. ISBN 978-0-16-087941-8. OCLC 738512922. Retrieved 2011-11-23. 
  34. ^ Jahnke, 1994
  35. ^ Woodworth et al.,2000
  36. ^ Thai-Van et al., 2001
  37. ^ Derebery MJ (2000). "Allergic management of Meniere's disease: an outcome study". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 122 (2): 174–82. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70235-X. PMID 10652386. 
  38. ^ Haybach, p. 198
  39. ^ Gacek RR (2008). "Evidence for a viral neuropathy in recurrent vertigo". ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 70 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1159/000111042. PMID 18235200. 
  40. ^ Rajan GP, Din S, Atlas MD (2005). "Long-term effects of the Meniett device in Ménière's disease: the Western Australian experience". The Journal of laryngology and otology 119 (5): 391–5. doi:10.1258/0022215053945868. PMID 15949105. 
  41. ^ Gates GA, Verrall A, Green JD, Tucci DL, Telian SA (December 2006). "Meniett clinical trial: long-term follow-up". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 132 (12): 1311–6. doi:10.1001/archotol.132.12.1311. PMID 17178941. 
  42. ^ Haybach, p. 231
  43. ^ http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnint.2013.00084/full
  44. ^ "Vestibulo-ocular function in anxiety disorders.". J Vestib Res 16 (4-5): 209–15. 2006. PMID 17538210. 
  45. ^ Haybach, p. 198-200
  46. ^ Haybach, p. 181
  47. ^ Haybach, p.209
  48. ^ Hain, Timothy (26 June 2009). "Intratympanic Steroid Treatment For Menière's Disease". Retrieved 16 January 2011. 
  49. ^ Tsun-Sheng, Huang; Ching-Chen, Lin; Yun-Lan, Chang (1991). "Endolymphatic Sac Surgery for Meniere's Disease". Acta Otolaryngol 111 (S485): 145–154. doi:10.3109/00016489109128054. 
  50. ^ Thomsen, J; Bretlau, P.; Tos, M.; Johnsen, N.J. (1981). "Placebo effect in surgery for Meniere's disease. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on endolymphatic sac shunt surgery". Acta Otolaryngol 107 (5): 558–61. PMID 6517150. 
  51. ^ Haybach, p.212
  52. ^ Hain, Timothy (6 October 2010). "Intratympanic/Transtympanic Gentamicin Treatment for Menière's Disease". Retrieved 16 January 2011. 
  53. ^ a b Haybach, p.215
  54. ^ a b c "Intratympanic/Transtympanic Gentamicin Treatment for Meniere's Disease". Dizzinessand balance. 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2015. 
  55. ^ Eric Wooltorton (July 2002). "Ototoxic effects from gentamicin ear drops". CMAJ 167 (1): 56. 
  56. ^ Daniel M. Kaplan, MD; Julian M. Nedzelski, MD; Joseph M. Chen, MD; David B. Shipp, MA (January 2009). "Intratympanic Gentamicin for the Treatment of Unilateral Meniere’s Disease". The Laryngoscope 110 (8). 
  57. ^ Hirsch, Barry E.; Kamerer, Donald B. (January 1997). "Intratympanic Gentamicin Therapy for Meniere's Disease". American Journal of Otology 18 (1). 
  58. ^ Minor L B (March 1999). "Intratympanic gentamicin for control of vertigo in Meniere's disease: vestibular signs that specify completion of therapy". American Journal of Otology 20 (2): 209–19. PMID 10100525. 
  59. ^ a b c Gottshall, K.; Topp, S.; Hoffer, M. (2010). "Early Vestibular Physical Therapy Rehabilitation for Ménière's Disease". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 43 (5): 1113–1119. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2010.05.006. PMID 20713248. 
  60. ^ BurconMT, Upper Cerical Protocol for Ten Ménière's Patients, Upper Cervical Subluxation Complex, a review of the chiropractic and medical literature, Kirk Ericksen, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004
  61. ^ a b Haybach, pg. 10
  62. ^ Haybach, pg. 224
  63. ^ a b Haybach, pg. 223
  64. ^ Haybach, pg. 221
  65. ^ Theilgaard, Laursen, Kjaerby, et al. p. 103
  66. ^ Theilgaard, Laursen, Kjaerby, et al. p. 104
  67. ^ Drew, Ian (21 October 2011). "Ryan Adams Opens Up About Tragic Ear Disease". US Weekly. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Having your first album of new material immediately break into the Billboard Top 200 albums chart on release week is usually cause for celebration for most rock stars. But Ryan Adams isn't smiling just because his brilliantly subdued new disc, Ashes & Fire, slid right in at #7 this week. That's because the alternative singer, 36, is still grappling with Ménière's disease, a debilitating and incurable inner ear condition that forced him to take a break from music for over two years. 
  68. ^ Cawthorne, T (1958). "Julius Caesar and the falling sickness". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 51 (1): 27–30. PMC 1889541. PMID 13518145. 
  69. ^ Byron, Ellen. "Kristin Chenoweth: Exclusive Interview With Prevention". Prevention.com. Retrieved 7 March 2013. 
  70. ^ Hayman, John (13 December 2009). "Darwin's illness revisited". BMJ 339: b4968. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4968. PMID 20008377. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  71. ^ Arenberg IK, Countryman LF, Bernstein LH, Shambaugh GE (1990). "Van Gogh had Menière's disease and not epilepsy". JAMA 264 (4): 491–3. doi:10.1001/jama.264.4.491. PMID 2094236. 
  72. ^ Arnold, Wilfred N. (1992). Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity. Birkhäuser Boston. ISBN 0-8176-3616-1. 
  73. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanımızın hastalığı hakkında - Prof. Dr. Osman MÜFTÜOĞLU - Hürriyet". Hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 7 March 2013. 
  74. ^ George Dudley Seymour Papers, Yale Manuscripts and Archives
  75. ^ ~Doc-Hammer, 16 May 2005, 7:08:23 PM (16 May 2005). "50 Questions (from MySpace) by ~Doc-Hammer on deviantART". Doc-hammer.deviantart.com. Retrieved 7 March 2013. 
  76. ^ Feldmann H (1989). "Martin Luther's seizure disorder". Sudhoffs Archiv (in German) 73 (1): 26–44. PMID 2529669. 
  77. ^ Cawthorne, T (1947). "Ménière's disease". Annals of Otology 56: 18–38. 
  78. ^ Brown, Peter and Barham, Patte Marilyn: The Last Take. New York: Dutton, 1992, p. 221 ISBN 0-525-93485-5
  79. ^ Alice Lagnado (2 May 2011). "Wildlife star Chris Packham on living with chronic vertigo | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2013. 
  80. ^ Toker, Leona (2000). Return from the Archipelago: narratives of Gulag survivors. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-253-33787-9. Meanwhile, Shalamov's health kept deteriorating—the Kolyma twig would have but a short time before wilting in Moscow. The body of a Kolyma survivor bore witness of its own: blindness, deafness, frostbitten skin, Ménière’s disease, chronic congestion, and apparently also minor strokes, angina pectoris, Parkinson's disease, and incipient dementia. Iulii Shreider found a woman to cook and clean for him, yet eventually Shalamov broke with her too. Unable to take care of himself, in 1979 he was placed in a nursing home (see Isaev 1996). 
  81. ^ Gray, Tara. "Alan B. Shepard, Jr.". 40th Anniversary of Mercury 7. NASA. Retrieved 25 May 2012. 
  82. ^ Crook, Keith (1998). A Preface to Swift. Longman. p. 6. ISBN 978-0582289789. 
  83. ^ http://www.mmamania.com/2013/2/22/4018206/ufc-dana-white-ear-surgery-menieres-disease-mma
  84. ^ http://www.mmamania.com/2013/4/18/4240318/dana-white-meniers-disease-a-rod-germany-stem-cell-treatment-cure-ufc-president
  85. ^ Su Yu (simplified Chinese wiki)

References[edit]

  • Theilgaard A, Laursen P, Kjaerby O, et al. (1978). "Menière's disease. II. A neuropsychological study". ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. 40 (3): 139–46. doi:10.1159/000275398. PMID 570693. 
  • Beasley NJ, Jones NS (December 1996). "Menière's disease: evolution of a definition". J Laryngol Otol 110 (12): 1107–13. doi:10.1017/S002221510013590X. PMID 9015421. 
  • Haybach, P. J. (1998). Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. ISBN 0-9632611-1-8. 
Outer ear
Middle ear
and mastoid
Inner ear and
central pathways
Equilibrioception
Hearing
Hearing impairment
Excessive response
Deafblindness
Other
Index of the ear
Description
Disease
Treatment
Authority control
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ménière%27s_disease&oldid=691823575"