Anglican Church of Southern Africa

Not to be confused with Church of England in South Africa.

Anglican Church of Southern Africa
Independence	1870
Primate	Thabo Makgoba Archbishop of Cape Town
Polity	Episcopal
Headquarters	20 Bishopscourt Drive Bishopscourt 7708 South Africa
Territory	Angola Lesotho Mozambique Namibia Saint Helena South Africa Swaziland
Members	c. 3–4 million
Website	anglicanchurchsa.org

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa, known until 2006 as the Church of the Province of Southern Africa, is the province of the Anglican Communion in the southern part of Africa. The church has twenty-eight dioceses, of which twenty-one are located in South Africa, two in Mozambique, and one each in Angola, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and Saint Helena. In South Africa, there are between 3 and 4 million Anglicans out of an estimated population of 45 million.

The primate is the Archbishop of Cape Town. The current archbishop is Thabo Makgoba, who succeeded Njongonkulu Ndungane in 2006. From 1986 to 1996 the primate was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Desmond Tutu.

History

Thabo Makgoba is the current Archbishop of Southern Africa

The first Anglican clergy to minister regularly at the Cape were military chaplains who accompanied the troops when the British occupied the Cape Colony in 1795 and then again in 1806. The second British occupation resulted in a growing influx of civil servants and settlers who were members of the Church of England, and so civil or colonial chaplains were appointed to minister to their needs. These were under the authority of the governor.

The first missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel arrived in 1821. He was William Wright, a priest. He opened a church and school in Wynberg, a fashionable suburb of Cape Town. Allen Gardiner, a missionary of the Church Missionary Society went to Zululand, and arranged for a priest, Francis Owen to be sent to the royal residence of King Dingane. Owen witnessed the massacre of Piet Retief, the Voortrekker leader, and his companions, who had come to negotiate a land treaty with Dingane, and left soon afterwards.

The Anglican Church in Southern Africa at this time was under the Diocese of Calcutta, which effectively included the East Indies and the entire Southern Hemisphere. Bishops en route for Calcutta sometimes stopped at the Cape for confirmations, and occasionally ordination of clergy, but these visits were sporadic. It became apparent that a bishop was needed for South Africa, and in 1847 Robert Gray was consecrated as the first Bishop of Cape Town in Westminster Abbey. The new bishop landed in Cape Town in 1848.

Desmond Tutu (born 1931), former Primate of the Anglican Church of the Province of South Africa, noted pacifist and a leading figure in the successful fight against apartheid

Some Anglican parishes in the then-Cape Colony refused to join the Church of the Province of South Africa when it was constituted in 1870; these parishes constituted themselves as the Church of England in South Africa (CESA). CESA has subsequently renamed itself as Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa.

Desmond Tutu rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was elected and ordained the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, and the Magubela prize for liberty in 1986.

In 2006, the name Church of the Province of Southern Africa was dropped as name was confusing to some people. The church was renamed the Anglican Church of Southern Africa.

In July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa became the bishop-elect of Swaziland and the first woman to be elected a bishop in any of the twelve Anglican Provinces in Africa. She was consecrated on 17 November 2012 at All Saints Cathedral, Mbabane. On 19 January 2013, Margaret Vertue was consecrated the diocesan bishop of False Bay.

Structure

The polity of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa is episcopal, like that of other Anglican churches. The church maintains a system of geographical parishes organized into dioceses. The province is divided into various dioceses, each led by its own bishop.

Dioceses

Diocese	Bishop	Territory	Cathedral	Founded
Angola	Soares !André Soares	Angola		2003 (from Lebombo)
Cape Town	Makgoba !Thabo Makgoba (Archbishop) Garth Counsell (suffragan Bishop of Table Bay)	Cape Town and nearer suburbs, and Tristan da Cunha	St George's Cathedral, Cape Town	1847
Christ the King	Lee !Peter Lee	Vaal Triangle and southern suburbs of Johannesburg		1990 (from Johannesburg)
False Bay	Vertue !Margaret Vertue	Southeastern suburbs of Cape Town, Stellenbosch, the Overberg and the Breede River Valley		2005 (from Cape Town)
Free State	Letloenyane !Dintoe Stephen Letloenyane	Free State province	Cathedral of St Andrew and St Michael, Bloemfontein	1863 (from Cape Town, as Diocese of Bloemfontein)
George	Marajh !Brian Marajh	Garden Route, Little Karoo, Langkloof and Great Karoo	St Mark's Cathedral, George	1911 (from Cape Town)
Grahamstown	Ntlali !Ebenezer Ntlali	Area of Albany, Ciskei, King William's Town and East London in the Eastern Cape	Cathedral of St Michael and St George, Grahamstown	1853 (from Cape Town)
Highveld	May !Charles May	East Rand and southern Mpumalanga	St Dunstan's Cathedral, Benoni	1990 (from Johannesburg, as Diocese of South Eastern Transvaal)
Johannesburg	Moreo !Stephen Moreo	Central Johannesburg, its northern suburbs and the West Rand	St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg	1922 (from Pretoria)
Kimberley and Kuruman	Swartz !Oswald Swartz	Northeastern half of Northern Cape, western part of North West	St Cyprian's Cathedral, Kimberley	1911 (from Bloemfontein, Cape Town and Grahamstown)
Lebombo	Matsinhe !Carlos Matsinhe	Mozambique south of the Zambezi River	St Augustine's Cathedral, Maciene	1893
Lesotho	Taaso !Adam Taaso	Lesotho	Cathedral of St Mary and St James, Maseru	1950 (from Free State, as Diocese of Basutoland)
Matlosane	Diseko !Molopi Diseko	Central part of North West	Cathedral of the Resurrection, Ikageng	1990 (from Johannesburg, as Diocese of Klerksdorp)
Mbhashe	Williams !Elliot Williams	Southern part of the former Transkei, around Butterworth and Ngcobo		2010 (from Mthatha)
Mpumalanga	Kgomosotho !Daniel Kgomosotho	Northern Mpumalanga province		2004 (from Pretoria)
Mthatha	Mzamane !Sitembele Mzamane	Central part of the former Transkei, around Mthatha and Port St Johns	St John's Cathedral, Mthatha	1872 (from Grahamstown and Natal, as Diocese of St John's)
Namibia	Pato !Luke Pato	Namibia	St George's Cathedral, Windhoek	1924 (as Diocese of Damaraland)
Natal	Gabriel !Dino Gabriel	KwaZulu-Natal southwest of the Buffalo and Tugela Rivers	Cathedral of the Holy Nativity, Pietermaritzburg	1853 (from Cape Town)
Niassa	vacant !vacant	Mozambique north of the Zambezi River	St Bartholomew's Cathedral, Messumba	1979 (from Lebombo)
Port Elizabeth	Nopece !Bethlehem Nopece	Western part of the Eastern Cape, from Port Elizabeth to Colesberg	St Mary's Cathedral, Port Elizabeth	1970 (from Grahamstown)
Pretoria	Kannemeyer !Allen Kannemeyer	Northern part of Gauteng and northeastern part of North West	St Alban's Cathedral, Pretoria	1878 (from Bloemfontein)
Saint Helena !St Helena	Fenwick !Richard Fenwick	Saint Helena and Ascension Island	Saint Paul's Cathedral, Saint Helena	1859 (from Cape Town)
Saint Mark the Evangelist !St Mark the Evangelist	Breytenbach !Martin Breytenbach	Limpopo province	Christ Church Cathedral, Polokwane	1987 (from Pretoria)
Saldanha Bay	Hess !Raphael Hess	Northern suburbs of Cape Town, the Swartland, the West Coast and Namaqualand		2005 (from Cape Town)
Swaziland	Wamukoya !Ellinah Wamukoya	Swaziland	All Saints Cathedral, Mbabane	1968 (from Zululand)
Ukhahlamba	Tisani !Mazwi Tisani	North-central part of the Eastern Cape, from Queenstown to Aliwal North		2009 (from Grahamstown)
Umzimvubu	Ngewu !Mlibo Ngewu	Griqualand East and the northeastern part of the former Transkei		1991 (from Mthatha)
Zululand	Makhanya !Monument Makhanya	KwaZulu-Natal northeast of the Buffalo and Tugela Rivers	Cathedral of St Michael and All Angels, Eshowe	1870 (from Natal)

Liturgy and prayer books

The Anglican Church in Southern Africa has used the following prayer books:

• The Book of Common Prayer (1662)
• An Alternative Form of the Calendar and Occasional Offices of the Church Set forth by Authority for Use in the Church of the Province of South Africa Where Allowed by the Bishop. London: S.P.C.K. 1946. 
• A Book of Common Prayer. London and Cape Town: Oxford University Press and S.P.C.K. 1954. 
• The Holy Eucharist morning & evening prayer, 1975. Johannesburg (South Africa): C.P.S.A. 1975. ISBN 0868810037. 
• An Anglican Prayer Book. Collins Liturgical Publications. 1989. ISBN 978-0-00-599180-0. 

The Anglican church was a product of the English Reformation and political contexts of the sixteenth century. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was instrumental in determining the form Anglicanism was to take, not by writing confessional statements or significant theological treaties, but through his authoring of the Book of Common Prayer in 1549 and 1552. All expressions of Anglicanism forever after defined itself in relation to the concept of the Prayer Book, whether being faithful to the Reformed tradition or seeking different approaches. Other denominations have found unity in confessional documents, or doctrinal formularies, or a systematically articulated theology, or the pronouncements of magisterial authorities.

When the work of revising the liturgy in the twentieth century was undertaken it was with the understanding that it was touching the nerve-centre of the Anglican ethos, since Anglican identity takes a more intangible form, deeply dependent upon the influence and binding effect of its liturgical worship. The most recent revision of the Prayer Book resulted in the publishing of An Anglican Prayer Book (1989). The Anglican Prayer Book stands alongside the South African Book of Common Prayer (1954). Both the 1989 and 1954 prayer books have the English 1662 Book of Common Prayer as a common source.

The work of the revision reflected the worldwide liturgical renewal, most notably in relation to the Roman Catholic Church as a result of decisions reached at its Second Vatican Council. Another influence was the charismatic renewal, which has had a marked impact on the Anglican Church of Southern Africa. Particular care was taken to meet evangelical concerns in a Province that is historically High Church rather than Low Church in its main emphasis. Theological breadth – catholic, evangelical, charismatic, and liberal – was aimed at in order to achieve balance and to accommodate these various convictions.

These sensitivities and influences are most evident in the Eucharistic liturgy. Four Eucharistic prayers are given to accommodate different theological preferences. Two are taken from the Church of England, one is borrowed with permission from the Roman Catholic Canon, and pride of place is given in the First Eucharistic Prayer to an indigenous product. The influence of the liturgical movement can be seen in the overall structure and language of the Eucharist, including seeking a sense of continuity with the early, apostolic church.

In tracing this line of continuity from the Lord’s Table to the Communion Table, a prayer traditionally ascribed to Hippolytus (ca. 215), bishop of Rome, called the Apostolic Tradition, captured the imagination of contemporary liturgists and now appears in the modern liturgical books of different churches both Roman Catholic and Protestant. The opening lines of all four Eucharistic prayers closely mirror the wording of Hippolytus. The fourth Eucharistic prayer most closely maintains the link with the Hippolytus liturgy, but allows slight variation with respect to the wording of “we offer you” and “we bring before you” to accommodate different theological persuasions. This is an example of how the Anglican Church of Southern Africa in making revisions for the 1989 Anglican Prayer Book adopted a more conciliatory approach to the various ecclesiastical factions, foreshadowing the conciliatory context of South African politics in the early 90s in regard to political factions and political change.

Doctrine and practice

See also: Anglicanism and Anglican doctrine

There are a wide range of beliefs among Anglicans, from Evangelical to Anglo-Catholic, from liberal to traditional, but what unites Anglicans is common prayer Lex orandi, lex credendi

The centre of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa's teaching is the life and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The basic teachings of the church, (contained in the catechism), include:

• Jesus died and was resurrected from the dead.
• The Old and New Testaments of the Bible were written by people "under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit". The Apocrypha are additional books that are used in Christian worship.
• The two great and necessary sacraments are Holy Baptism and Holy Eucharist
• Other sacramental rites are confirmation, ordination, marriage, reconciliation of a penitent, and unction.

The threefold sources of authority in Anglicanism are scripture, tradition, and reason. These three sources uphold and critique each other in a dynamic way. This balance of scripture, tradition and reason is traced to the work of Richard Hooker, a sixteenth-century apologist. In Hooker's model, scripture is the primary means of arriving at doctrine and things stated plainly in scripture are accepted as true. Issues that are ambiguous are determined by tradition, which is checked by reason.

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa embraces three orders of ministry: deacon, priest, and bishop. A local variant of the Book of Common Prayer is used. The Church is known for having Anglo-Catholic leanings.

Social issues and ecumenical relations

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa is regarded as the most liberal Anglican province in Africa with respect to the ordination of women and homosexuality. In 2012, the church consecrated the Ellinah Wamukoya, and Margaret Vertue as bishops. There is no official position on the ordination of homosexuals. In 2003, Rowan Smith a former dean of St. George's Cathedral came out as gay and was supported by the cathedral congregation, and Douglas Torr, a priest from Johannesburg, also came out as gay. Additionally, an openly gay and celibate suffragan bishop, Mervyn Castle, was consecrated as a bishop in Cape Town. Openly partnered Gene Robinson's election as bishop of New Hampshire prompted warnings of a schism in the Anglican Communion. Njongonkulu Ndungane, then archbishop of Cape Town, disapproved of same-sex marriage, when it was legalized in South Africa, and he also stated that he doesn't support the blessing of same-sex unions. However, Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, affirmed same-sex marriages and supported church blessings.

The Diocese of Cape Town, after a synod in 2009, passed a resolution calling the bishops of the church to give pastoral guidelines for homosexual couples living in "covenanted partnerships". At the same time, it approved an amendment to the resolution which provided that the guidelines give "due regard of the mind of the Anglican Communion." Thabo Makgoba, archbishop of Cape Town, stated that the resolution was "an important first step...[and] the reason for this resolution was because we have these parishioners, and the law provides for them to be in that state, so how do we pastorally respond to that?"

In December 2015, Mpho Tutu, the daughter of Desmond Tutu and an ordained priest in the Episcopal Church (United States) and who was licensed by the Anglican Church of Southern Africa to officiate as a priest in the Diocese of Saldanha Bay married her female partner, Prof Marceline van Furth in a civil ceremony in the Netherlands,. Tutu was previously married to journalist, Joseph Burris On 3 May 2016 the Revd Charlotte Bannister-Parker, a Church of England priest at the University Church of St Mary the Virgin in Oxford presided (with her bishop's permission) over the blessing of the marriage of Mpho Tutu and Marceline van Furth at a hotel in Franschhoek, Western Cape. Archbishop Tutu was able to give a blessing for his daughter and her partner. Archbishop Makgoba, directed his suffragan, Raphael Hess, bishop of Saldanha Bay, to revoke Mpho Tutu's license as a priest of the Anglican Church in Southern Africa for violating the church's prohibition on same-sex marriage. Tutu decided to surrender her license in South Africa to avoid controversy, but remains a priest of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington. Bishop Hess said he "hoped it would be short-lived" and is seeking to change church policy to allow her to serve.

The denomination reaffirmed its belief that marriage is the union between a man and a woman at their bishops' gathering that took place in East London, Eastern Cape, in February 2016. The official statement said that the church "cannot advise the legitimizing or blessing of same sex unions nor ordaining those involved in same gender unions". The bishops also affirmed members in same-gender marriages as full and equal members of the Church. Archbishop Makgoba supported welcoming LGBT members saying "that gay, lesbian and transgendered members of our church share in full membership as baptised members of the Body of Christ".

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa is a member of the ecumenical World Council of Churches.

Relation with the Anglican Communion conflicts and realignment

"South Africa's Anglican church has long nurtured a liberal tradition that sets it apart from its more conservative and mostly evangelical counterparts". Additionally, the province has been associated with the most liberal Anglican provinces concerning homosexuality and the acceptance of same-sex unions, like the United States, Canada, Brazil, New Zealand, Scotland, Wales and South India.

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa, despite being the most liberal Anglican province in Africa, is a member of the Global South, that reunites the most theologically conservative provinces of the Anglican Communion. Moderate conservative Bishop Johannes Seoka, of the Anglican Diocese of Pretoria, represented the province at the Global South Fourth Encounter, that took place in Singapore, at 19–23 April 2010, and at their subsequent meeting in Bangkok, Thailand, at 18–20 July 2012. The ACSA adopted the Anglican Communion Convenant, proposed by then Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams as the ultimate way to preserve the unity of the Anglican Communion, at their Provincial Synod, held in 2010, and ratified the decision at their following meeting, in October 2013. At the same time, Archbishop Thabo Makgoba emphasised his province's role of "being at the heart of Anglican life, often acting as a bridge-builder, and drawing on its own experiences of living with considerable diversity and wrestling with difference."

Bishop Bethlehem Nopece of the Anglican Diocese of Port Elizabeth has been the leading name of the Anglican realignment in the province, since he strongly criticized the consecration of openly partnered homosexual Gene Robinson as bishop of the Episcopal Church, in 2003. Nopece was the only bishop of the ACSA to have attended the Global Anglican Future Conference, that took place in Jerusalem, at 23–28 June 2008. He decided the following year to launch the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans in South Africa, after the resolution of the Anglican Diocese of Cape Town to pass pastoral guidelines to members of the church who lived in same-sex unions, on 22 August 2009. Nopece presided to the launching of the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans, at St. John's Church, Port Elizabeth, on 3 September 2009, with the presence of retired Anglican Archbishop of Kenya, Benjamin Nzimbi. The event was greeted with messages of support from some of the leading names of the Anglican realignment, Archbishops Peter Akinola, of the Church of Nigeria, Peter Jensen, of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney, Robert Duncan, of the Anglican Church in North America, and Bishop Michael Nazir-Ali, of the Church of England. Nopece led a ten-members delegation, which included Bishop Nathaniel Nakwatumbah, of the Anglican Diocese of Namibia, to the GAFCON II, that took place at Nairobi, Kenya, at 21–26 October 2013.

References

• Germond, Paul (1997). Aliens in the Household of God: Homosexuality and Christian Faith in South Africa. New Africa Books. ISBN 9780864863300. 
• Church of the Province of Southern Africa (1989). An Anglican Prayer Book. Collins Liturgical Publications. ISBN 978-0-00-599180-0. 
• Hefling, Charles (2006). "Introduction: Anglicans and Common Prayer". In Hefling, C.; Shattuck, C. The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972389-8. 
• Nuttall, Michael (2006). "The Province of Southern Africa". In Hefling, C.; Shattuck, C. The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A worldwide survey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972389-8. 
• Jones, Alan (1 May 2006). Common Prayer on Common Ground: A Vision of Anglican Orthodoxy. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2666-2. 
• Johnson, Maxwell E. (2006). "The Apostolic Tradition". In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen B. The Oxford History of Christian Worship. ISBN 9780195138863. 

Further reading

• Elphick, Richard; Davenport, Rodney, eds. (1997). Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20940-4. 
• Hinchliff, Peter (1968). The church in South Africa. London: SPCK. ISBN 0-281-02277-1. 
• Neill, Stephen (1977). Anglicanism (Revised ed.). London: Mowbrays. ISBN 0264663527. 
• Page, B. T. (1947). The harvest of good hope. London: SPCK. 

External links

• Official website
• An Alternative Form of the Calendar and Occasional Offices of the Church Set forth by Authority for Use in the Church of the Province of South Africa Where Allowed by the Bishop (1946)